Cancer Physiology Flashcards
Why is lung cancer so lethal?
Difficult to detect early because symptoms develop late
The most common cancer in women is
breast cancer
Leading cause of cancer death in men
prostate cancer
most common cancer in men
prostate cancer
What is malignant tumorigenesis
uncontrolled cell division in tumor
cancer comes from
DNA mutations
Causes of DNA mutations that lead to cancer
- Environmental factors (Chemicals, radiation, UV light, Smoking, and Nitrates)
- Inherited mutations
- Spontaneous DNA mutations
Three types of genes that mutate to cause cancer
- Onco genes
- Tumor Supressor genes
- DNA repair genes
Proto-oncogenes are responsible for
driving cell division
tumor suppressor gene is responsible for
stopping cell division
Oncogenes trigger
cell development
Cancer stems from
uncontrolled cell division
Oncogenes are a ______ signalling pathway which tells cells to _____
growth factor, grow
What is apoptosis
controlled cell death
Possible mutations of Onco genes
- Activates receptor in the absence of growth factor
- cell produces more growth factor
- Txn factors: DNA –> RNA
_______ of tumor suppressor genes lead to cancer
Absence/ Inactivation
Normal function of tumor suppressor gene
restrain cell proliferation
P53 transcription factor is the _______ of the genome
guardian
P53 txn factor prevents _________
DNA mutations being passed down to daughter cells
DNA repair genes either
- Fix bad DNA
- Trigger apoptosis
removal of DNA repair genes lead to the buildup of ______ or decrease in _____ that leads to cancer
Oncogenes, tumor suppression genes
point mutation
single base pair change in DNA code.
Hallmarks of cancer
- Sustaining proliferative signaling
- Evading growth suppressors
- Activating invasion and metastasis
- Enabling replicative immortality
- Inducing Angiogenesis
- Resisting of cell death
Sustaining proliferative signaling is
the gas pedal of cell proliferation
evading growth repressors is
the brakes of cell proliferation
activating invasion and metastasis is
cells only grow in their own tissues but cancer can move in the body and grow in a new site
enabling replicative immortality is
cells only divide so many times because telomeres become shorter when dividing. But not the case with cancer
inducing angiogenesis is
cancer cells produce and form their own blood vessels
Resisting cell death is
cancer resists apoptosis
Angiogenesis definition
production of blood vessels
a tumor can grow from a single cell with _____
mutations
Angiogenesis cancer characteristics
- Occurs rapidly with tumors
- poorly formed network within tumors
Cancer cells displace healthy cells by ________
competing for nutrients/ O2
Function of blood vessels in tumor
- take nutrients/ O2 to the tumor
- Remove waste from the tumor
Intra-tumor pressure is ____ due to no removal of waste
high
Normal vasculature has _____ and ____ formed endothelial cell junctions
continuous, well
Tumor has _____ or ______ vasculature
defective, leaky
Cancer is
Uncontrolled cell proliferation
Enhanced permeability and retention effect states
tumor blood vessels are formed rapidly and are leaky
Tumors have a vessel network that has ______
heterogeneity
