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BIOE 367 > Cancer Diagnostics > Flashcards

Cancer Diagnostics Flashcards

1
Q

Process for cancer treatment

A
  1. Diagnosis
  2. Further investigation
  3. Treatment plan
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2
Q

Diagnosis components

A
  • Symptoms (pain/Cough)
  • Screenings (Non-invasive ideal)
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3
Q

Further investigation components

A
  • biopsy
  • Imaging (CT, MRI, PET)
  • Blood tests
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4
Q

list the possible treatment plans

A
  • Chemotherapy
  • Radiation
  • Surgery
  • Immunotherapy
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5
Q

definition of chemotherapy

A

drugs designed to affect proliferating cells

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6
Q

down side of chemotherapy

A

Can affect healthy cells
unpleasant side effects
less effective than radiation/ surgery

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7
Q

Radiation treatment targets

A

proliferating cells

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7
Q

Radiation is best when cancer is ____

A

localized

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7
Q

When is surgery the best option

A

when cancer is localized

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7
Q
A
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7
Q

Positives to radiation

A

precisely targeted

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8
Q

Surgery is the removal of the ____

A

tumor

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8
Q

Immunotherapy is the use of ___

A

antibodies

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8
Q

What is a CT scan?

A

Multiple X-rays taken at different angles to reconstruct a 3D image

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9
Q

What are contrast agents used for?

A

To enhance the contrast of medical images

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10
Q

Why does X ray work well with bone?

A
  • Bone has large HU number
  • Large contrast between blood and bone
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11
Q

Pros and cons of Iodine as a contrast agen

A
  • pro= good contrast
  • con= toxic at high concentrations
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12
Q

Alternatives to work around toxicity of iodine

A
  • incorporate iodine inside a large molecule via covalent bonds which makes it nontoxic
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13
Q

problem with alternatives to iodine

A
  • nonspecific biodistribution
  • can be rapidly cleared by kidneys
  • needs high concentrations because only a small amount will make it to the desired location
14
Q

Water soluble iodine based CT encapsulated in liposome can

A

place water soluble iodine inside liposome which can cause leakage due to decreased concentration

15
Q

liposome composed of iodine lipids can create a

A

lipid with iodine chemically attacked to it so it cannot leave (same amnt of iodine from start to end= no leakage)

16
Q

Gold absorbs _ than iodine which allows for better _

A

better, resolution, with lower X-ray dose

17
Q

downside to gold nanoparticles

A
  • need to be synthesized
  • expensive
18
Q

An MRI is used for ___

A

soft tissue abnormalities

19
Q

MRIs are generally ____ than X-rays becuase there is no_____

A

safer, radiaiton

20
Q

Because there is no _____, the resolution is _____

A

radiaton, lower

21
Q

Fe oxide MRI contrast agents

A
  • Gd3+
  • Iron Oxide
  • SPIOs (Superparamagnetic iron oxide NP’s)
  • Ultra small SPIOs
22
Q

PET stands for

A

Positron Emission Tomography

23
Q

PET uses Fourinated glucose (F18) which is taken up by cells but not ____ when glucose is fluorinated

A

metabolized

24
Q

PET is useful for cancer imaging because

A

it will be taken up more by cells that need more glucose

25
Q

Tumors are acidic because there is less ___ which means less energy is produced per glucose molecule. this means

A

the cells need to consume lots of glucose to grow and achieve the same amount of energy

26
Q

Tumors are more metabollically active, F18 accumulates in areas of high metabolic acitivity which means

A

PET is a good scan for cancer

27
Q

Theranostics are

A

the combination of diagnostic and therapu (same particle can diagnose and treat)

28
Q

Light activiated theanostics

A

when activated by ligh, ROS produced cells kill the cells nearby and preserves healthy tissues

29
Q

Cancers that have screening methods

A

Breast
colon
cervical
skin
prostate

30
Q

No screening for

A

pancreatic and throat

31
Q

What is multi cancer early detection

A

screen for multiple cancers in one test

32
Q

Pros to multi cancer early detection

A

minimally invasive
low false positive rates

33
Q

Methylation

A

methyl groups are added to the DNA (A and C)

34
Q

MCED tests look at changes in ______ of circulating DNA from a blood sample

A

methylation patterns

35
Q

Methylation changes the ____ of DNA without changing the sequence

A

activity

36
Q

Hypomethylation

A

fewer methyl groups than usual

37
Q

hypomethylation turn __ vertain genes that are usually supressed which can turn on ____ and cause tumors to grow

A

on, oncogenes

38
Q

hypermethylation

A

more methyl groups than usual (occurs on promoters)

39
Q

hypermethylation turns off _____ and cause tumors to ____

A

tumor supressor genes, grow rapidly

40
Q

Protomers _____ certain genes

A

turn on

BIOE 367 (10 decks)

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