Cancer Diagnostics Flashcards
Process for cancer treatment
- Diagnosis
- Further investigation
- Treatment plan
Diagnosis components
- Symptoms (pain/Cough)
- Screenings (Non-invasive ideal)
Further investigation components
- biopsy
- Imaging (CT, MRI, PET)
- Blood tests
list the possible treatment plans
- Chemotherapy
- Radiation
- Surgery
- Immunotherapy
definition of chemotherapy
drugs designed to affect proliferating cells
down side of chemotherapy
Can affect healthy cells
unpleasant side effects
less effective than radiation/ surgery
Radiation treatment targets
proliferating cells
Radiation is best when cancer is ____
localized
When is surgery the best option
when cancer is localized
Positives to radiation
precisely targeted
Surgery is the removal of the ____
tumor
Immunotherapy is the use of ___
antibodies
What is a CT scan?
Multiple X-rays taken at different angles to reconstruct a 3D image
What are contrast agents used for?
To enhance the contrast of medical images
Why does X ray work well with bone?
- Bone has large HU number
- Large contrast between blood and bone
Pros and cons of Iodine as a contrast agen
- pro= good contrast
- con= toxic at high concentrations
Alternatives to work around toxicity of iodine
- incorporate iodine inside a large molecule via covalent bonds which makes it nontoxic
problem with alternatives to iodine
- nonspecific biodistribution
- can be rapidly cleared by kidneys
- needs high concentrations because only a small amount will make it to the desired location
Water soluble iodine based CT encapsulated in liposome can
place water soluble iodine inside liposome which can cause leakage due to decreased concentration
liposome composed of iodine lipids can create a
lipid with iodine chemically attacked to it so it cannot leave (same amnt of iodine from start to end= no leakage)
Gold absorbs _ than iodine which allows for better _
better, resolution, with lower X-ray dose
downside to gold nanoparticles
- need to be synthesized
- expensive
An MRI is used for ___
soft tissue abnormalities
MRIs are generally ____ than X-rays becuase there is no_____
safer, radiaiton
Because there is no _____, the resolution is _____
radiaton, lower
Fe oxide MRI contrast agents
- Gd3+
- Iron Oxide
- SPIOs (Superparamagnetic iron oxide NP’s)
- Ultra small SPIOs
PET stands for
Positron Emission Tomography
PET uses Fourinated glucose (F18) which is taken up by cells but not ____ when glucose is fluorinated
metabolized
PET is useful for cancer imaging because
it will be taken up more by cells that need more glucose
Tumors are acidic because there is less ___ which means less energy is produced per glucose molecule. this means
the cells need to consume lots of glucose to grow and achieve the same amount of energy
Tumors are more metabollically active, F18 accumulates in areas of high metabolic acitivity which means
PET is a good scan for cancer
Theranostics are
the combination of diagnostic and therapu (same particle can diagnose and treat)
Light activiated theanostics
when activated by ligh, ROS produced cells kill the cells nearby and preserves healthy tissues
Cancers that have screening methods
Breast
colon
cervical
skin
prostate
No screening for
pancreatic and throat
What is multi cancer early detection
screen for multiple cancers in one test
Pros to multi cancer early detection
minimally invasive
low false positive rates
Methylation
methyl groups are added to the DNA (A and C)
MCED tests look at changes in ______ of circulating DNA from a blood sample
methylation patterns
Methylation changes the ____ of DNA without changing the sequence
activity
Hypomethylation
fewer methyl groups than usual
hypomethylation turn __ vertain genes that are usually supressed which can turn on ____ and cause tumors to grow
on, oncogenes
hypermethylation
more methyl groups than usual (occurs on promoters)
hypermethylation turns off _____ and cause tumors to ____
tumor supressor genes, grow rapidly
Protomers _____ certain genes
turn on
