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BIOE 367 > Antibiotics > Flashcards

Antibiotics Flashcards

1
Q

Antibiotics work on ____ not ______

A

bacteria, viruses

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2
Q

The ideal target for antibiotics is

A
  • One of the essential processes of the bacterial cell
  • The process differs from the human cell
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3
Q

When the cell wall is the target, the _____ and the _____ is targeted

A

peptidoglycan layer, membrane(s)

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4
Q

When DNA/ RNA synthesis is targeted, ____ involved in the processes are targeted

A

Enzymes

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5
Q

When the folate system is targeted, the _____ is targeted

A

metabolism

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6
Q

when protein synthesis is targeted the ______ ______ are the main target

A

bacterial ribosomes

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7
Q

The golden age of antibiotic discovery was

A

1940’s- 1960’s

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8
Q

The last new class of vaccines was in the

A

1980s

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9
Q

many drugs are active against Gram _____ but not against gram ____ because

A

positive, negative, gram-negative bacteria possess two membranes which makes it twice as hard for antibiotics to penetrate

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10
Q

Horizontal gene transfer

A

the transfer of genes between bacteria in the same generation

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11
Q

Vertical gene transfer

A

the transfer of genes between bacteria through reproduction (next generation)

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12
Q

Antibiotic resistance results from

A

selective pressure

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13
Q

Acquired resistance

A

bacteria acquire resistance through gene transfer

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14
Q

Intrinsic resistance

A

Built-in features that give the bacteria resistance

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15
Q

Drugs that target peptidoglycan are active against _____

A

Gram-positive bacteria

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16
Q

Why are gram-negative bacteria harder to target than gram-positive?

A
  • possess 2 membranes (permeability is low)
  • non charged
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17
Q

Mechanisms of antibiotic resistance by bacteria

A
  • inactivation of drug by enzymes
  • activation of drug efflux pumps
  • Inhibition of drug uptake
  • Alteration of drug target
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18
Q

Porins

A

protein channels in the membrane of bacteria

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19
Q

decreased expression of porins leads to

A

decreased uptake of antibiotics due to fewer channels to enter through

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20
Q

Current approaches to antibiotics

A
  1. chemically modifying existing drugs
  2. Combination therapies
21
Q

The idea behind combination therapies is synergy which means

A

combo activity > individual activities

22
Q

Ways to overcome efflux pumps

A
  1. inhibit EP gene expression
  2. Change the drug structure
  3. inhibit the assembly of pumps
  4. remove the energy source
  5. Blocking the pore
  6. application of competitive/ non-competitive inhibitor with drug
23
Q

How does changing the drug structure help reduce antibiotic resistance?

A

The Efflux pump doesn’t recognize the drug and doesn’t pump it out of the cell

24
Q

Efflux pump

A

On the surface of the bacteria to pump out unknown bodies.

25
Q

what is the energy source of efflux pumps

A

proton motive source

26
Q

limitations to efflux pump inhibitors

A
  • Human cells have efflux pumps (can be affected)
  • Inhibitors must get into the cytosol (difficult to get past membranes)
  • Pharmacokinetics (drugs move through the body at different rates/ need right [conc] at the same time)
27
Q

How do adjuvants assist vaccines?

A

weaken the membrane of the bacteria cell (cells pack looser)

28
Q

Weak membrane perturbation leads to

A
  • more influx of antibiotics
  • efflux pump inhibition
29
Q

Adjuvants lead to _____ cell uptake

A

increased

30
Q

H+ gradient across the membrane allows

A

efflux pumps to work

31
Q

Antimicrobial Peptides are

A
  • based on natural molecules
  • part of innate immune response
  • short proteins (peptides)
  • Amphiphilic
32
Q

Advantages of AMP’s

A
  • Target the lipids on the bacteria
  • bacterial resistance is less likely
33
Q

Disadvantages of AMP’s

A
  • Can be hydrolyzed by enzymes
  • Cost more money than small molecules
34
Q

AMP’s are _____ which means they carry a ____ charge, this makes them attracted to the ______ charged bacteria

A

Catatonic, positive, negatively

35
Q

AMP’s have ______ interactions with the membrane of bacteria

A

Electrostatic

36
Q

AMP’s will interact with the ______ core

A

hydrophobic

37
Q

The types of structures of AMPs include

A
  • Alpha helical
  • Beta Sheets
  • disordered
38
Q

How are AMP’s hidden from enzymes

A
  • change conformation of the amino acids
  • changed to peptoids
39
Q

What are peptoids??

A

Side chains are attached to Nitrogen instead of Carbon

40
Q

What are bacteriophages

A

viruses that only infect bacteria

41
Q

Lytic phages are used to

A

break open cells

42
Q

Bacterial virulence factors

A

molecules produced by bacteria that give them an advantage

43
Q

Advantages to anti-virulence strategies

A
  • decreased selective pressure
  • specific to pathogens
44
Q

Disadvantages to anti-virulence strategies

A
  • Narrow spectrum (need to know bacterium causing the infection)
  • Doesn’t kill the bacteria, only weakens it
45
Q

Class I anti adhesives

A

mimic adhesions and compete for host cell binding

46
Q

Class II anti adhesives

A

directly block and interfere with adhesion-host cell recognition

47
Q

Class III anti adhesives

A

Inhibit the biosynthesis of surface presentation of adhesins

48
Q

Class IV anti adhesives

A

inhibit host receptor surface presentation

49
Q

Class V anti adhesives

A

antibodies that target adhesins, inhibiting host recognition

BIOE 367 (10 decks)

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