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BIOE 367 > Cancer Drug Delivery > Flashcards

Cancer Drug Delivery Flashcards

1
Q

Smaller particles are ___ at passing through to the tumors

A

better

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2
Q

The ideal shape for nanoparticles to pass into tumors via the bloodstream is:

A

Spherical

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3
Q

The ideal elasticity for particles trying to pass into tumors via the blood stream is

A

Soft molecules increase circulation/ targeting (less immune cell uptake)

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4
Q

How does hypertension (Incr BP) enhance the EPR effect?

A

Creates a larger volume of blood that flows into the tumor (more drug enters the tumor)

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5
Q

Why does increasing hypertension work to enhance the EPR effect?

A

Normal blood vessels have a layer of smooth muscle that regulates BP while tumors do not have this layer to regulate the flow into the tumor

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6
Q

How does hyperthermia (Incr Heat) enhance EPR effect?

A

Heat causes vessels to dilate which will lead to more drug entering the tumor

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7
Q

How does cell-mediated delivery enhance the EPR effect?

A

Cells release drugs that are specifically activated at the cancer sites, this increases the amount of drug that gets delivered into the tumor.

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8
Q

Active targeting selects targets that are _____ by cancer cells

A

overexpressed

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9
Q

methods to enhance EPR Effect

A
  • Hypertension
  • Hyperthermia
  • Cell-mediated delivery
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10
Q

Ideal molecule to pass through into the tumor is a

A

small, spherical, soft particle

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11
Q

Targets for active targeting include

A
  • Folate receptor
  • Transferrin Receptor
  • PSMA (Prostate-specific membrane antigen)
  • Integrins
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12
Q

Integrins are known to bind to peptides W/ _____

A

RGD

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13
Q

Intrinsic stimulus is taking advantage of _____

A

tumor characteristics

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14
Q

Examples of responsive particles incude

A
  • pH
    -MMP’s
  • Heat
  • Ultrasound
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15
Q

Why are tumors acidic?

A

They are hypoxic and produce lactic acid which drops the pH

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16
Q

Approximate pH of tumors

A

~6.5

17
Q

What are MMPs?

A

matrix metalloproteinases

18
Q

MMPs are ___ that cut proteins

A

enzymes

19
Q

Each MMP cuts a _____ sequence

A

specific amino acid

20
Q

MMPs are used to increase the ___ of drug in the tumor by cutting the amino acid sequence between ____ and the drug

A

concentration, PEG

21
Q

What are CPPs?

A

Cell-penetrating peptides (cross membranes readily)

22
Q

CPPs prefer to cross _____ as opposed to other membranes

A

cancer cell membranes

23
Q

Ultrasound is applied ____ drug administration to facilitate _____

A

after, release/ activation

24
Q

Five categories of immunotherapy

A
  1. checkpoint inhibitors
  2. CAR-T Cell Therapy
  3. Vaccines
  4. Antibodies
  5. Oncolytic Viruses
25
Q

Characteristics of Antibodies as an immunotherapy

A
  1. naked
  2. possess ADC (antibody drug conjugate)
  3. Bispecific
26
Q

Characteristics of vaccines as an immunotherapy

A
  1. Preventative
  2. therapeutic
27
Q

How do checkpoint inhibitors work?

A

antibodies block cancer cell’s PD-L1 from binding with the PD-1 on T-cells

28
Q

What happens when PD-L1 on tumor cells binds with PD-1 on T-cells?

A

It tells T-cells not to kill the tumor cells

29
Q

Examples of checkpoint inhibitors?

A
  • Keytruda
  • Yervoy
30
Q

What is CAR-T therapy?

A

T cells are removed from the body and CAR genes are inserted into the T-cells and CAR-T cells are grown and inserted into the patient which kills tumor cells

31
Q

Examples of CAR-T Therapy

A
  • Kymriah
  • Yescarta
32
Q

How do preventative cancer vaccines work?

A

Uses HPV virus to help prevent cervical cancer (sometimes throat canacer)

33
Q

Examples of preventative cancer vaccines

A
  • Gardasil
34
Q

How do therapeutic vaccines work?

A

immune cellsa are collected and T cells are exposed to a protein that trains them to recognize the cancer cells and allows the patient’s cells to enhance the immune response. Cells are injected into the patient.

35
Q

Example of therapeutic vaccine

A

Provenge

36
Q

How do monoclonal antibodies work?

A

monoclonal antibodies interact with antigens on lymphoid and myeloid cells that induces a durable lymphopenia via a mediated system which is able to kill target cells.

37
Q

Example of monoclonal antibodies

A

campath
Adcetris
Blincyto

38
Q

how do oncolytic viruses work?

A

a modified virus (herpes) is injected into lesions and the virus multiplies in the lesions which triggers an imune response.

39
Q

Example of oncolytic virus

A

imlygic

BIOE 367 (10 decks)

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