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Microbiology and immunology > Vaccines > Flashcards

Vaccines Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Define

Passive immunity

A

Immunity developed without the individual’s own cells, whether natural (e.g. maternal antibodies crossing the placenta or in the colostrum/breast milk) or artificial (inoculation with monoclonal antibodies, use of convalescent plasma)

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2
Q

What are the types of vaccines?

A
  • Live attenuated vaccines
  • Non-live vaccines, including whole pathogen and subunit vaccines
  • Reassortant live vaccines
  • Vector and nucleic acid-based vaccines
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3
Q

How are pathogens usually attenuated for use in a live vaccine?

A

A series of in vitro cell cultures (e.g. in chick embryo cells), which makes the pathogen better at infecting and replicating in the culture but less adapted to the original human host

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4
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of live attenuated vaccines?

A

Advantages

  • Provide robust immunity to the whole spectrum of antigens the pathogen possesses
  • Immunity is more long-term, after only one or two doses

Disadvantages

  • Clinical disease can occur, although usually milder
  • Unsuitable for immunocompromised individuals
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5
Q

What type of pathogen is most suitable for live attenuated vaccines?
| (virus, bacteria, protozoa, etc.)

A

Viruses, as they contain fewer genes and attenuation is easier and more reliable

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6
Q

What are examples of viral live attenuated vaccines?

A
  • Measles
  • Mumps
  • Rubella (often combined as MMR)
  • Varicella (often combined as MMRV)
  • Oral polio vaccine (OPV)
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7
Q

What are examples of bacterial live attenuated vaccines?

A

Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) vaccine for tuberculosis, which is the only bacterial live attenuated vaccine currently in use

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8
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of the live OPV vaccine over the inactivated IPV vaccine?

A
  • OPV is more easily administered as it is formulated as oral drops, not an IM injection
  • OPV may be better at inducing mucosal immunity than IM vaccines
  • OPV can mutate into a virulent form and cause poliomyelitis. For this reason OPV is usually discontinued in favor of IPV after endemic polio is contained
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9
Q

What are non-live vaccines?

A

Vaccines that do not contain any living or infectious particles, so they cannot cause disease

  • For bacteria, they are called killed vaccines
  • For viruses, they are called inactivated vaccines, as viruses were not alive to begin with
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10
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of non-live vaccines?

A

Advantages

  • Safer than live attenuated vaccines
  • Safe for use in immunocompromised patients

Disadvantages

  • Less immunogenic than live vaccines
  • Shorter duration of protection, requiring several booster shots
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11
Q

What are the types of non-live vaccines?

A
  • Whole pathogen vaccines
  • Subunit vaccines, including
    • toxoid vaccines
    • polysaccharide and conjugated vaccines
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12
Q

How are viruses and bacteria inactivated for non-live vaccines?

A
  • Heat
  • Radiation
  • Chemicals such as formalin/formaldehyde
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13
Q

What are examples of whole pathogen non-live vaccines?

A
  • Inactivated polio vaccine (IPV)
  • Whole-cell pertussis
  • Rabies
  • Hepatitis A
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14
Q

What are the kinds of fragments selected for subunit vaccines?

A
  • Proteins
  • Polysaccharides
  • Parts of a virus that may form virus-like particles (VLPs)
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15
Q

What are examples of subunit vaccines (that are neither toxoid nor polysaccharide)?

A
  • Inactivated split and subunit seasonal influenza
  • Acellular pertussis
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16
Q

How are subunits prepared for use in vaccines?

A
  • Purification from the whole pathogen, e.g. acellular pertussis
  • Recombinant genetic engineering, e.g. hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), the first malaria vaccine
17
Q

Cells of what organism are used for preparation of subunit vaccines by recombinant genetic engineering?

A

Yeast (S. cerevisiae), as it has a eukaryotic protein translation system, allowing for posttranslational modifications

18
Q

How does acellular pertussis vaccine compare to whole-cell pertussis vaccine?

A

Acellular pertussis is less immunogenic, as it contains 1–5 highly purified antigens, compared to 3000 in whole-cell pertussis

19
Q

What are examples of toxoid vaccines?

A

The toxins of

  • Diphtheria (Corynebacterium diphtheriae)
  • Tetanus (Clostridium tetani)
20
Q

How are toxins prepared for toxoid vaccines?

A

Inactivation by using heat, chemicals (e.g. formaldehyde), or both

21
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of toxoid vaccines?

A

Advantages

  • Provide immunity to the toxins, which are sometimes more virulent than the pathogen itself

Disadvantages

  • Do not prevent replication of the pathogen upon infection
  • Do not reduce the risk of transmission; no herd immunity is formed
22
Q

What are examples of polysaccharide vaccines?

A
  • Pneumococcus conjugate vaccine
  • Haemophilus influenzae type B
23
Q

How is the short-term immunity of polysaccharide vaccines improved?

A

Conjugation to an immunogenic protein, which transforms the immune response to a T cell-dependent response

24
Q

What is a reassortant live vaccine?

A

A vaccine where the capsid of the target virus is combined with the genome of a known, less virulent vector virus (e.g. a bovine virus that has poor virulence in humans)

25
Q

What is an example of a reassortant live vaccine?

A

Reassortant rotavirus vaccine

26
Q

Define

Adjuvant

A

A substance that can enhance and modulate the immunogenicity of an antigen used in a vaccine

27
Q

In what type of vaccine are adjuvants usually not required?

A

Live attenuated vaccines, as these vaccines actively replicate and self-enhance in the body

28
Q

What is the most common adjuvant in use?

A

Aluminum salts (alum)

29
Q

What are the current problems facing vaccination efforts?

A
  • Pathogens with multiple serotypes (e.g. dengue, S. pneumoniae)
  • Pathogens with wide antigenic hypervariability (e.g. HIV)
  • Pathogens with an intracellular phase that is predominantly controlled by T-cell responses, not by antibodies (e.g. tuberculosis, malaria)
30
Q

What are the vaccines on the national vaccination schedule in Jordan?

A
  • BCG
  • IPV
  • OPV
  • DPT
  • DPT, IPV, Hib (H. influenzae type B)
  • HBV
  • MMR
31
Q

Define

Active immunity

A

Immunity formed using the individual’s own cells, whether natural (by infection with the pathogen) or artificial (by vaccination)

Microbiology and immunology (33 decks)

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