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Microbiology and immunology > Hepatitis viruses > Flashcards

Hepatitis viruses Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the structure of hepatitis A virus?

A

Non-enveloped positive-sense single-stranded RNA

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2
Q

What is the structure of hepatitis B virus?

A

Enveloped double-stranded DNA with an RNA intermediate (Baltimore class 7)

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3
Q

What is the structure of hepatitis C virus?

A

Enveloped positive-sense single-stranded RNA

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4
Q

What is the structure of hepatitis D virus?

A

Defective, enveloped negative-sense single-stranded RNA

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5
Q

What is the structure of hepatitis E virus?

A

Non-enveloped positive-sense single-stranded RNA

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6
Q

Which hepatitis viruses have the same structure?

A

HAV and HEV: non-enveloped +ssRNA

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7
Q

Which hepatitis virus is a DNA virus?

A

HBV: dsDNA with an RNA intermediate

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8
Q

How is HAV transmitted?

A
  • Fecal–oral route (from contaminated food or water)
  • Minor route: sexual transmission, especially in MSM
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9
Q

How is HBV transmitted?

A
  • Blood (from transfusions, injection drug use, needlestick injuries)
  • Vertical transmission
  • Sexual transmission
  • Organ transplantation
  • Resulting from hemodialysis
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10
Q

How is HCV transmitted?

A
  • Blood (from transfusions, needlestick injuries, and especially injection drug use)
  • Organ transplantation
  • Resulting from hemodialysis
  • Vertical transmission (to a lesser extent than HBV)
  • Sexual transmission (to a lesser extent than HBV)
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11
Q

What is the most common method of HCV transmission?

A

Blood transmission from injection drug users

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12
Q

How is HDV transmitted?

A
  • Blood (from transfusions, injection drug use, needlestick injuries)
  • Vertical transmission
  • Organ transplantation
  • Resulting from hemodialysis
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13
Q

How is HEV transmitted?

A

Fecal–oral route (from contaminated food or water)

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14
Q

What is the incubation period of the hepatitis viruses?

A
  • HAV, HEV: a few weeks
  • HBV, HCV, HDV: a few months
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15
Q

What are the diseases caused by all the hepatitis viruses?

A
  • Acute hepatitis: jaundice, nausea, vomiting, anorexia, elevated liver enzymes (ALT, AST)
  • Fulminant hepatitis (acute liver failure) in a minority of patients, leading potentially to death
  • Asymptomatic infection
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16
Q

Which hepatitis virus is most prominently associated with fulminant hepatitis?

A

HEV in pregnant women or people with chronic protein malnutrition

17
Q

Which hepatitis viruses can cause chronic infection?

A

HBV, HCV, and HDV

18
Q

What are the features and course of chronic infection with hepatitis viruses?

A
  • The viruses continue to be present in the body for more than 6 months
  • The infections progresses first to cirrhosis and then to hepatocellular carcinoma
19
Q

What is the course of infection with HAV and HEV?

A

The infections either resolve after the acute disease, or lead to death

20
Q

Which hepatitis viruses are oncoviruses?

A

HBV, HCV (not HDV as it is defective)

21
Q

What is the alternative name of HDV?

A

Delta agent

22
Q

Which hepatitis virus is needed in addition to HDV to cause infection?

A

HBV

23
Q

How are the hepatitis viruses diagnosed?

A
  • HAV: serology—IgM (acute infection or IgG (past infection or vaccination)
  • HBV: serology (surface anti-HBV antibody), molecular detection
  • HCV: serology, molecular detection
  • HDV: serology, molecular detection and confirmation of HBV presence
  • HEV: serology
24
Q

How are the hepatitis viruses treated?

A
  • Acute infection: supportive care
  • Chronic HBV: antivirals (nucleoside analogs), interferons
  • Chronic HCV: antivirals (direct-acting antivirals; DAAs), interferons
  • Chronic HDV: interferons, treatment of HBV
25
Q

Are there vaccines for the hepatitis viruses?

A
  • HAV: two-dose inactivated vaccine that is highly effective
  • HBV: three-dose (given every 3 months) subunit vaccine
  • HDV: no vaccine, but vaccination for HBV prevents HDV infection
26
Q

What is the epidemiology of hepatitis virus infections?

A
  • HBV and HCV have a global incidence of 1.5 million new cases each per year
  • 296 million people were living with chronic HBV in 2019
  • 58 million people were living with chronic HCV in 2019

Microbiology and immunology (33 decks)

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