Non–spore-forming Gram-positive bacteria Flashcards
What are the non–spore-forming Gram-positive bacteria of clinical interest?
Anaerobic
- Actinomyces
- Lactobacillus
- Cutibacterium (Proprionibacterium)
- Mobiluncus
- Bifidobacterium
- Eubacterium
- Poststreptococcus
Aerobic
- Listeria
- Nocardia
- Corynebacterium
Which of the non–spore-forming Gram-positive bacteria are anaerobic?
- Actinomyces
- Lactobacillus
- Cutibacterium (Proprionibacterium)
- Mobiluncus
- Bifidobacterium
- Eubacterium
- Poststreptococcus
Which of the non–spore-forming Gram-positive bacteria are aerobic?
- Listeria
- Nocardia
- Corynebacterium
What are the features of Actinomyces?
- Facultative anaerobic or obligate anaerobic
- Gram-positive
- Grow slowly in culture (up to 2 weeks) and produce delicate filamentous forms or hyphae that resemble fungi
- Colonize the upper respiratory tract, upper GI tract, and female genital tract
How are Actinomyces transmitted?
Traumatic implantation or exposure to tissue during surgery
What disease is caused by Actinomyces?
Actinomycosis
What are the features of actinomycosis?
- Development of chronic garnulomatous lesions that become suppurative and form abscesses connected by sinus tracts
- The areas of suppuration are surrounded by fibrotic granulation tissue, giving the overlying surface a hard or woody consistency
- Infections are typically cervicofacial, developing in patients with poor oral hygiene or who have undergone an invasive dental procedure
- Infection can also happen thoracically or abdominopelvically (from abdominal surgery, tuboovarian abscesses, a ruptured appendix, or contaminated IUD)
How is actinomycosis treated?
- Surgical debridement of the involved tissues
- Prolonged administration of antibiotics
How is actinomycosis diagnosed?
Culture. This is difficult as there is often contamination with Actinomyces that are part of the normal bacterial population on mucosal surfaces
What are the features of Nocardia?
- Obligate aerobic rods
- Form branched filaments in tissues and culture, resembling fungi
- Have a Gram-positive cell wall but stain poorly with the Gram stain; they are weakly acid-fast
- Slow growth taking 3–5 days
How are Nocardia transmitted?
- Exogenous infection from soil
- Not normally part of the human microbiota
What is the pathogenesis of infections with Nocardia?
- Pathogenic strains avoid phagocytic killing by secreting catalase and superoxide dismutase
- Nocardiae are able to survive and replicate in macrophages by preventing phagosome–lysosome fusion (mediated by cord factor) and preventing acidification of the phagosome
What are the diseases caused by Nocardia?
- Bronchopulmonary disease
- Cutaneous infections, e.g. mycetoma
- Disseminated brain infection causing brain abscesses
What are the features of bronchopulmonary disease due to Nocardia?
- Slow development, usually in immunocompromised patients
- Cough, dyspnea, and fever are usually present
- Cavitation and spread to the pleura are common
What are the features of cutaneous infections with Nocardia?
- May be primary infections (mycetoma, lymphocutaneous infections, cellulitis, subcutaneous abscesses) or secondary infections arising from a primary pulmonary infection
- Mycetoma is a painless, chronic infection of the feet, characterized by localized subcutaneous swelling with inolvement of the underlying tissues, muscle, and bone; suppuration; and formation of sinus tracts