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Microbiology and immunology > Other RNA viruses > Flashcards

Other RNA viruses Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

To which family do the influenza viruses belong?

A

Orthomyxoviridae

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2
Q

What is the morphology of the influenza viruses?

A
  • Enveloped negative-sense single-stranded RNA viruses
  • Have a segmented genome
  • Replicate in the nucleus
  • Classified into three types (A, B, and C)
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3
Q

What is the basis of the classification of influenza viruses into three types?

A

The differences in the nucleocapsid

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4
Q

How is type A influenza classified into subtypes?

A

Differences in the hemagglutinin protein (H) and neuraminidase protein (N), e.g. H1N1, H5N1, H3N2

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5
Q

What are the common names of H1N1 type A influenza?

A

Spanish flu, swine influenza

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6
Q

What is the common name of H5N1 type A influenza?

A

Avian flu

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7
Q

What is the disease caused by type C influenza?

A

Common cold

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8
Q

What is the difference between antigenic shift and antigenic drift in influenza epidemiology?

A
  • Antigenic drift occurs in types A and B, is caused by mutations in the antigens, and results in outbreaks (epidemics), particularly in the winter
  • Antigenic shift occurs in type A only, is caused by exchange of gene segments between human and animal/bird strains, and results in pandemics
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9
Q

How are influenza viruses transmitted?

A
  • Respiratory secretions
  • Aerosols
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10
Q

What is the tropism of the influenza viruses?

A

Epithelial cells of the respiratory tract

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11
Q

What are the clinical features of influenza infection?

A
  • High fever and chills
  • Frontal headache
  • Generalized weakness
  • Myalgia and arthralgia
  • Sore throat
  • Dry cough
  • Pneumonia—either primary (in children, the elderly, or those with chronic disease) or secondary due to bacteria (mainly S. aureus, S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae and Gram-negative bacilli)
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12
Q

How are influenza viruses diagnosed?

A
  • Rapid antigen detection
  • PCR
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13
Q

How are influenza viruses treated?

A
  • Mainly supportive treatment
  • Antivirals: oseltamivir and zanamivir
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14
Q

Are there vaccines for influenza?

A
  • Live attenuated, inactivated, and recombinant vaccines are available
  • Trivalent vaccines contain two strains of type A and one strain of type B
  • Quadrivalent vaccines contain two strains of type A and two strains of type B
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15
Q

What is the morphology of the coronaviruses?

A
  • Enveloped positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses
  • Have a large genome
  • Replicate in the cytoplasm
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16
Q

Which types of coronavirus cause the common cold?

A
  • 229E
  • OC43
  • HKU1
  • NL63
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17
Q

Which coronaviruses cause severe acute respiratory distress syndrome?

A
  • SARS-CoV-1
  • MERS-CoV
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18
Q

What is the mortality rate of SARS?

A

10%

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19
Q

What is the mortality rate of MERS?

A

36%

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20
Q

How are coronaviruses diagnosed?

A

PCR

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21
Q

How are coronaviruses treated?

A

Supportive treatment

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22
Q

Are there vaccines for coronaviruses?

A

No (for the coronaviruses required, at least)

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23
Q

What is the morphology of Paramyxoviridae?

A
  • Enveloped negative-sense single-stranded RNA viruses
  • Replicate in the cytoplasm
  • Measles and mumps have only one antigenic type each and infection results in life-long immunity
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24
Q

Which viruses belong to Paramyxoviridae?

A
  • Parainfluenza viruses (PIV) 1, 2, 3, and 4
  • Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
  • Metapneumovirus
  • Measles
  • Mumps
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25
Q

Which virus is the major pathogen of the pediatric respiratory tract?

A

Respiratory syncytial virus

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26
Q

How are Paramyxoviridae transmitted?

A
  • Respiratory secretions
  • Aerosols
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27
Q

What is the tropism of Paramyxoviridae?

A

Epithelial cells of the respiratory tract

28
Q

What are the clinical features of Paramyxoviridae infection (excluding measles and mumps)?

A
  • Common cold: PIV, RSV, metapneumovirus
  • Laryngitis: PIV; with hoarseness of voice and barking cough
  • Croup (inflammation of the upper airways, larynx, and trachea): PIV, RSV
  • Bronchiolitis: RSV (the major cause of this disease in infants)
  • Pneumonia: RSV
  • Otitis media: PIV
29
Q

How are Paramyxoviridae diagnosed?

A
  • Rapid antigen detection
  • PCR
  • Measles: serology (IgM)
  • Mumps: serology (IgM) and PCR
30
Q

How are Paramyxoviridae treated?

A
  • Supportive treatment
  • Antiviral (ribavirin) for lower respiratory infections with RSV
  • Vitamin A treatment in developing countries has decreased morbidity and mortality of measles and mumps
31
Q

Are there vaccines for Paramyxoviridae?

A
  • Live-attenuated vaccine for measles and mumps (as MMR)
  • One is in development for RSV
32
Q

What is the epidemiology of Paramyxoviridae?

A
  • RSV: 80% of infants are infected by age 1 and almost all by age 2 years
  • PIV: an important pediatric pathogen
  • Reinfections are common
33
Q

What are the clinical features of measles?

A
  • Fever, respiratory symptoms, and a maculopapular rash with complications happening frequently
  • Viremia transfers the virus from the airways to the skin and eye
  • CNS invovlement is common, resulting in encephalitis, postinfectious encephalomyelitis, and subacute sclerosing panencephalitis
  • Otitis media is the most common complication
  • Pneumonia from secondary bacterial infection is the most common fatal complication
  • Koplik spots (blue/white raised spots on a red base on the buccal mucosa opposite the first molar) are indicative of infection. These spots appear one day before the maculopapular rash
  • Measles causes transient immunodeficiency
34
Q

What are the clinical features of mumps?

A
  • Mild disease in children but complications occur in adults
  • Enlargement of one or both salivary glands
  • CNS involvement is common, resulting in aseptic meningitis
  • Testicular inflammation (orchitis) is extremely painful and can lead to sterility
  • Ovarian inflammation (oophoritis) can occur
  • Pancreatitis has been reported
35
Q

Which virus belongs to Togaviridae?

A

Rubella (German measles)

36
Q

What is the morphology of Togaviridae?

A
  • Enveloped positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus
  • Replicates in the cytoplasm
37
Q

What are the clinical features of rubella?

A
  • The mildest of the viral infections that cause skin rashes
  • Causes a three-day rash (morbilliform rash) with a low-grade fever
  • Congenital rubella presents as cataracts, cardiac abnormalities, and deafness
38
Q

How is rubella transmitted?

A
  • Respiratory secretions
  • Vertical transmission
39
Q

How is rubella diagnosed?

A
  • Serology (IgM)
  • PCR
40
Q

How is rubella treated?

A

Supportive therapy

41
Q

Is there a vaccine for rubella?

A

Live-attenuated vaccine (as MMR)

42
Q

Which viruses cause gastroenteritis?

A
  • Rotavirus: non-enveloped dsRNA with a segmented virus. Most common cause of gastroenteritis in infants. Live-attenuated vaccine is available
  • Norovirus: non-enveloped +ssRNA. Most common cause of gastroenteritis in adults
  • Astrovirus: non-enveloped +ssRNA
  • Sapovirus: non-enveloped +ssRNA
43
Q

How are the viruses that cause gastroenteritis transmitted?

A

Fecal–oral route

44
Q

How are the viruses that cause gastroenteritis diagnosed?

A
  • Antigen detection
  • PCR
  • Electron microscopy
45
Q

What is the most common cause of gastroenteritis in children?

A

Rotavirus

46
Q

What is the most common cause of gastroenteritis in adults?

A

Norovirus

47
Q

What is the morphology of Filoviridae

A
  • Enveloped negative-sense single-stranded RNA viruses
  • Replicate in the cytoplasm
  • Filamentous in shape
48
Q

To which family does the ebola virus belong?

A

Filoviridae

49
Q

What are the clinical features of ebola?

A
  • Severe hemorrhagic fever
  • High mortality rate
50
Q

How is ebola transmitted?

A
  • Respiratory droplets
  • Direct contact
51
Q

Is there a vaccine for ebola?

A

Yes

52
Q

How is ebola diagnosed?

A

PCR

53
Q

What is the morphology of Rhabdoviridae?

A
  • Enveloped negative-sense single-stranded RNA viruses
  • Replicate in the cytoplasm
  • Bullet-shaped
54
Q

To which family does the rabies virus belong?

A

Rhabdoviridae

55
Q

What are the clinical features of rabies?

A
  • Progressive encephalitis
  • Once in the CNS, rabies is fatal, with a case-fatality rate approaching 100%
56
Q

What is the pathogenesis of rabies?

A
  • Rabies virus multiplies in the muscle or connective tissue of the site of inoculation
  • It then enters peripheral nerves at neuromuscular junctions and spreads up to the nerves to the CNS
57
Q

How is rabies transmitted?

A

Bites by rabid animals (e.g. dogs, bats, foxes, wolves, racoons, rats)

58
Q

Is there a vaccine for rabies?

A

Passive immunization vaccine containing monoclonal antibodies to neutralize the virus

59
Q

What is an example of a family of arboviruses (arthropod-borne viruses)

A

Flaviviridae

60
Q

What is the morphology of Flaviviridae?

A
  • Enveloped positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses
  • Replicate in the cytoplasm
61
Q

What are the diseases caused by Flaviviridae members?

A
  • Dengue
  • Yellow fever
  • West Nile fever
  • Zika fever
62
Q

What are the features of dengue?

A
  • Transmitted by mosquitoes
  • Symptoms include fever, severe headache, myalgia, arthralgia, nausea and vomiting, eye pain, rash
  • The most common arbovirus infection worldwide
63
Q

What are the features of yellow fever?

A
  • Transmitted by mosquitoes
  • Causes hepatitis
64
Q

What are the features of West Nile fever?

A
  • Transmitted by mosquitoes
  • Most infections are asymptomatic
  • Causes meningitis
65
Q

What are the features of Zika?

A
  • Transmitted by mosquitoes
  • Can cause microcephaly if transmitted vertically

Microbiology and immunology (33 decks)

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