Vaccines

Question 1

Receiving an anti rabies antibody shot after a fox bite induces artificially acquired passive immunity. True or false?

Answer 1

true

Question 2

Toxoid (inactivated toxin) vaccines such as the ones against tetanus and diphtheria elicit an:
A. antibody response against the bacterial toxin
B. memory b cells only
C. antibody response against the gram positive bacteria
D. a weak immune response against the bacterium
E. phagocytic response against the bacteria only

Answer 2

A

Question 3

What type of immunity do you get when you get a vaccine?

Answer 3

Artificially acquired active immunity

Question 4

What is the difference between artificially acquired active and passive immunity?

Answer 4

Active- prepared antigen
Passive- prepared antibodies

Question 5

When was the first vaccine made?

Answer 5

1798: Edward Jenner made vaccine to prevent smallpox

Question 6

What are some examples of killed/inactivated active agent vaccines?

Answer 6

Salk (injected polio)
Rabies
Pertussis
Influenza

Question 7

What are some examples of live/attenuated active agent vaccines?

Answer 7

MMR (measles, mumps, and rubella)
Sabin (oral polio)
Varicella zoster

Question 8

What are some characteristics of live/attenuated active agents?

Answer 8

• NOT VIRULENT
• pathogen adapts to non-human environment
• can last for decades (less boosters needed)
• risk of mutation -> rare
• IgG, IgA, and cell-mediated response

Question 9

Should live/attenuated agent vaccines be given to immunocompromised patients?

Answer 9

No

Question 10

What are some characteristics of killed/inactivated active agents?

Answer 10

• unable to replicate
• can’t cause infection
• may need boosters
• IgG, but NO IGA OR CELL MEDIATED response

Question 11

What is the difference between killed/inactivated and live/attenuated active agents?

Answer 11

• obviously one has dead viruses and one doesn’t
• killed need boosters, live doesn’t as often
• killed cannot replicate
• live is not virulent
• killed doesn’t have IgA or cell-mediated response but live does

Question 12

What are some characteristics about subunit agents?

Answer 12

• Contain parts of a m/o or virus that stimulates an immunogenic response
• less side effects
• two types:
  
  • bacterial capsules
  • viral peplomers

Question 13

What kind of vaccine is made from bacterial capsules?

Answer 13

Subunit agent vaccines

Question 14

What do people receive from a purified peplomer as a vaccine?

Answer 14

the recombinant of the gene

Question 15

What are toxoids?

Answer 15

• inactivated exotoxins
• series of injections
• antigenic but not toxic
• can activate T cell immunity
• stimulate antitoxins

Question 16

What are the major producers of exotoxins?

Answer 16

• Diphtheria
• Tetanus
• Botulism

Question 17

What are conjugated vaccines made up of?

Answer 17

Capsule carb. + toxoid

Question 18

What does adding a toxoid in a conjugated vaccine do?

Answer 18

allows more recognition, makes memory

Question 19

Conjugated vaccines fall under the subunit category of vaccines. True or false/

Answer 19

True

Question 20

What are some examples of conjugated vaccines?

Answer 20

Type B H. flu
N. Meningitidis
Pneumonia

Question 21

Are conjugated vaccines made up of the entire microbe or a component?

Answer 21

Component of microbe, but it is attached to FOREIGN PROTEIN to enhance immunogenicity of vaccine

Question 22

What type of vaccines are conjugated vaccines?

Answer 22

polysaccharide vaccines

Question 23

How do viral vectors work?

Answer 23

1. Insert gene coding for Ag into vaccinia virus
2. Giving people recombinant virus
3. Virus expresses the Ag
4. People mount immune response

Question 24

What is the AstraZeneca vaccine?

Answer 24

COVID 19 vaccine which uses weakened/modified adenovirus as a carrier to deliver antigen -> did not cause disease!

Question 25

What type of vaccines are nucleic acid vaccines?

Answer 25

DNA vaccine

Question 26

What are two examples of nucleic acid vaccines?

Answer 26

West Nile, disease in Salmon

Question 27

What are the benefits of nucleic acid vaccines?

Answer 27

Cheaper
no need for needles or refrigeration
safe since no whole microbes

Question 28

What happens when you get a nucleic acid vaccine?

Answer 28

• Inject DNA coding for protein Ag
  DNA and thus protein is expressed
• Immune response is mounted -> humoral and cell mediated

Question 29

Do mRNA vaccines change our DNA? Why or why not?

Answer 29

no; the vaccine doesn’t enter the nucleus

Question 30

What do mRNA vaccines do?

Answer 30

Carry genetic material that teaches cells how to make a harmless piece of “spike protein” -> once displays, immune response is triggered

Question 31

What is the difference between naturally acquired active and passive immunity?

Answer 31

active- exposure of pathogen
passive- antibodies passed from mother to fetus

Question 32

What is an example of naturally acquired active immunity?

Answer 32

anytime you get sick

Question 33

What is an example of naturally acquired passive immunity?

Answer 33

antibodies passed via placenta or breast milk

Question 34

What is an example of artificially acquired active immunity?

Answer 34

vaccinations

Question 35

What is an example of artificially acquired passive immunity?

Answer 35

Antivenom, antibodies against rabies, tetanus, etc.