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BIOL 246 Exam 3 > Mechanisms of Pathogenesis (general) > Flashcards

Mechanisms of Pathogenesis (general) Flashcards

1
Q

Tetanus and Lyme disease are both communicable infectious diseases. True or false?

A

False

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2
Q

Which of the following statements is FALSE?
A. Exotoxins are made of proteins
B. The flu is endemic in the USA
C. Some toxoids can be used as vaccines to prevent diseases like tetanus
D. Endotoxins can be turned into toxoids
E. Infant botulism can occur by ingestion of honey contaminated with endospores of C. botulinum

A

D.

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3
Q

A pathogenic microbe that establishes an infection will always cause disease. True or false?

A

False

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4
Q

Endotoxins are made of lipids and cannot be destroyed by heat while exotoxins are made of proteins and are destroyed by heat. True or false?

A

True

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5
Q

Global travel and climate change contribute to the emergence of new infectious diseases. True or false?

A

True

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6
Q

Which of the following best defines the term competitive exclusion:
A. None of the above
B. Normal flora competing with harmful microorganisms for resources in the environment, therefore inhibiting the growth of harmful microorganisms
C. The practice of organisms that do not usually cause disease, but become pathogenic under certain circumstances
D. The practice of harmful microbes infecting an organism and destroying the normal microbiome within the organism
E. When the immune system ignores the normal flora in an environment

A

B

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7
Q

Tetanus and Lyme disease are both communicable infectious diseases. True or false?

A

False

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8
Q

What is etiology?

A

the cause of a disease (basically virus names)

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9
Q

What is the difference between infection and disease?

A

infection: invasion or colonization of the body by a pathogenic microbe
disease: when an infection leads to a change in normal status of health

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10
Q

What is a symbiotic relationship?

A

two species both benefiting from each other, like our gut microbiome and us

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11
Q

What is mutualism?

A

similar to symbiotic relationship
microbiome get their food and energy, we get protection from pathogenic microbes

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12
Q

What is antagonism?

A

Both the host and microbe doesn’t benefit from each other

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13
Q

What is parasitism?

A

ONE organism benefits as the other is harmed (usually what we have with pathogenic microbes)

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14
Q

What is competitive exclusion?

A

microbes compete with pathogenic microbes by making destructive chemicals

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15
Q

What do probiotics do?

A

restore the balance in the microbiome

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16
Q

What are opportunistic pathogens?

A

Take advantage of a certain system (usually when ill)

17
Q

What is the difference between symptoms and signs?

A

symptoms: changes that the individual feels SUBJECTIVE
signs: changes seen by the observer OBJECTIVE

18
Q

What are some examples of symptoms?

A

Fatigue, nausea, body aches

19
Q

What are some examples of signs?

A

Rash, fever, swelling

20
Q

What are the four types of diseases?

A

Infectious
Communicable infectious diseases
Non-communicable infectious diseases
Non-infectious

21
Q

What are some examples of non-communicable infectious diseases?

A

Malaria
anthrax
tetanus
fungal infections

22
Q

What is an example of non-infectious disease?

A

diabetes

23
Q

What does sporadic mean?

A

occur once in a while in a certain population

24
Q

What does endemic mean?

A

when a disease is always present, can happen anytime

25
Q

What is the difference between epidemic and pandemic?

A

epidemic: when a disease is happening to large number of people in a short amount of time -> usually local
pandemic: global epidemic

26
Q

What does herd immunity mean?

A

immunity in most of the population

27
Q

What is the difference between acute, chronic, and subacute disease?

A

Acute: only lasts a little bit, symptoms are rapid
Chronic: symptoms develop slowly, last longer
Subacute: intermediate between acute and chronic

28
Q

What is a reservoir?

A

A place or a person or inanimate object that harbors this microbe and is a source of spread

29
Q

What are the two types of living reservoirs?

A

human and animals

30
Q

What are some zoonotic diseases?

A

Rabies
bubonic plague
covid

31
Q

Who was typhoid mary?

A

A cook who was asymptomatic for typhoid fever and hid from scientists/doctors when confronted

32
Q

What are some examples of nonliving reservoirs?

A

soil
water
food

33
Q

Where are nosocomial infections found?

A

Hospitals/medical facilities

34
Q

What are three factors of nosocomial infections?

A
  • microbe in hospital
  • compromised patient
  • chain of transmission
35
Q

What are the factors regarding emerging diseases?

A
  • New strain that is more virulent
  • Overuse of antibiotics promotes resistant strains
  • Contact with animals we are not supposed to
  • Changing ecosystem, deforestation
  • Travel
36
Q

What is pathogenicity?

A

the ability of an organism to cause disease by overcoming host defenses

37
Q

What is virulence?

A

the degree of pathogenicity

BIOL 246 Exam 3 (10 decks)

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