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BIOL 246 Exam 3 > Establishment of Disease > Flashcards

Establishment of Disease Flashcards

1
Q

Which of the following is a mis-match?
A. Urogenital- often associated with sexually transmitted pathogens
B. Gastrointestinal- often involves fecal-to-oral transmission
C. Parenteral- pathogen is passed from mother to child through th eplacenta
D. Respiratory- spread by sneezing
E. Conjunctiva- involving eyes

A

C

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2
Q

Place the following steps for infection in order from first to last:
1. Invade tissues and spread
2. Adhere to host tissues
3. Enter the host
4. Exit the host
5. Evade immune defenses

A

3, 2, 1, 5, 4

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3
Q

What are the three portals of entry?

A
  • mucous membranes
  • skin
  • parenteral route
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4
Q

What are adhesins?

A

surface molecules on the pathogen that bind to receptors on the surface of the host cell

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5
Q

What are some examples of adhesins?

A

Receptors, spikes, capsules, BIOFILMS

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6
Q

Which step MUST be done to cause disease?

A

penetration

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7
Q

How is Hyaluronidase the “spreading factor?”

A

Destroys hyaluronic acid (in basement membrane), allows them to move easier inside cell

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8
Q

What is the significance of IgA Proteases?

A

If IgA is destroyed -> penetration a LOT easier

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9
Q

What does Streptokinase do?

A

Dissolves clots (digests fibrin), allows it to not be blocked -> allows spread

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10
Q

What does Collagenases do?

A

breaks down collagen

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11
Q

How does hemolysis evade the immune system?

A

Hemolyze RBCs
Alpha- partially digests -> greenish
Beta: completely digests -> clear

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12
Q

What do Leukocidins do?

A

Destroy neutrophils - WBC (phagocytosis)

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13
Q

How do enzymes evade the immune system?

A

Production allows them to destroy connective tissue, muscles, immune system, etc

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14
Q

What are the most resistant cell wall components?

A

Mycobacteria- acid fast/waxes (mycolic acid)
Neisseria gonorrhoeae - fimbriae (opa proteins)
Streptococcus pyogenes- protein M (attach and evade)

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15
Q

How do capsules evade the immune system?

A

helps evade phagocytosis + attachment

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16
Q

How do capsules evade the immune system?

A

helps evade phagocytosis + attachment

17
Q

If phagocytosis occurs AFTER entry, will there be damage to the cell?

A

no

18
Q

How can damage to cells occur?

A

Lytic
using host nutrients
causing direct damage by injury
bacterial toxins

19
Q

What are toxins?

A

poisonous substance produced by some M/O

20
Q

What is the difference between toxemia and intoxication?

A

Toxemia: presence of toxin in blood
Intoxication: Diseases due to ingestion of toxin (vs M/O)

21
Q

What are some ways the virus can exit the body?

A

Gastrointestinal tract
Urogenital tract
Blood (contaminate equipment or insects)
Respiratory tract

22
Q

What is the difference between endotoxin and exotoxins?

A

exotoxins are proteins, endotoxins are lipids
exotoxins can be denatured, endotoxins cant
endotoxins are only found in gram -ve
exotoxins exit, endotoxins exit when cell wall is broken

23
Q

What are major producers of exotoxins?

A

tetanus (Clostridium tetani), Diphtheria (Corynebacterium diphtheriae), Botulism (Clostridium botulinum)

24
Q

Are toxoids from endotoxins or exotoxins?

A

exotoxins

25
Q

What are major producers of endotoxins?

A

P. aeruginosa
E. coli
Klebsiella
Proteus
Enterobacter
Salmonella typhi

26
Q

Can endotoxins and exotoxins be denatured?

A

Only exotoxins

27
Q

What is the difference between tetanus and botulism?

A

Tetanus: uncontrollable muscle contractions
Botulism: completely relaxed muscles constantly

28
Q

What three things do endotoxins cause once released into the bloodstream?

A

fever
shock/septic shock
disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)

29
Q

What is disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)?

A

enhanced coagulation- clots stuck in blood vessels -> cause stroke/heart attack/tissue death

30
Q

What is the pyrogenic response?

A

macrophage breaks down bacteria with endotoxin -> releases endotoxin once cell wall is broken down -> macrophage secretes IL-1 and TNF-alpha -> cause fever and coagulation

31
Q

What is IL-1 and TNF-alpha?

A

IL-1: pituitary gland -> release prostaglandins -> cause fever
TNF-alpha: cause coagulation + permeability of blood vessels -> cause lower blood pressure

BIOL 246 Exam 3 (10 decks)

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