Innate Immunity Flashcards by Lilia Wintermute

All of the following are parts of the inflammatory response EXCEPT:
a. swelling
b. diapedesis
c. antibody production
d. dilation of blood vessels
e. release of histamine

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Antibodies are always a component of the innate immune response. True or false?

false

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Opsonization is the process of enhancing inflammation. True or false?

False

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Which of the following is the first step in Phagocytosis?
A. digestion
B. Formation of phagosome
C. adherence of phagocyte to pathogen
D. chemotaxis of phagocyte to the area
E. phagosome lysosome fusion

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What is the difference between innate and adaptive immunity?

Innate: non specific, adaptive: specific
innate: no memory, adaptive: memory

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What are Pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)?

Recognizes foreign part of microbe -> activates Toll like receptors (TLR’s) on defense cells

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What is the most important physical barrier?

SKIN! but must be intact

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What are the two physical barriers?

Skin
mucous membranes

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What are the mechanical barriers?

Tears
Saliva
Mucus
Cilia
Mucus-coated hairs of nose
Urine (prevents UTIs, especially important for women)

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Why is urine an important mechanical barrier to women specifically?

Women are more susceptible to UTIs

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What are the chemical barriers?

Sebum
Perspiration
Lysozyme
Tears, saliva, perspiration, tissue fluids, nasal secretions
Gastric juice
Vaginal secretions

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What is the importance of chemical barriers?

Delay a pathogen from entering the body

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What is the importance of mucous membranes (physical)?

prevents drying; line the entry pathways of the body

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What is the importance of normal flora?

Competitive exclusion + microbial antagonism -> Helps prevent overgrowth of pathogens -> Kills pathogens with bacteriocins

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What is the first line of defense?

Physical (skin, mucous membranes)
Mechanical
Chemical
Normal flora

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What is the second line of defense?

Phagocytosis
Inflammation
Fever
Antimicrobial substances

What are the two granulocytes that are known for phagocytosis?

Neutrophils and macrophages

which granulocytes are macrophages from?

monocytes

What is the importance of dendritic cells?

initiates adaptive response

What are basophils known for?

Inflammation and allergies -> from histamine

What are the two types of lymphocytes and what do they do?

B cells: produce antibodies
T cells: involved in cell mediated immunity

What are natural killer cells?

kills infected/tumor cells, recognizes abnormal proteins on surface

What is the process of phagocytosis?

chemotaxis
adherence to pathogen
formation of phagosome
forming phagolysosome
digestion of microbe
waste products released

What is chemotaxis?

chemical attraction of pathogen to the area

Which granulocytes assist with phagocytosis FIRST?

neutrophils

What is the importance of opsonins?

anchors the bacteria by covering it with this protein -> adherence

Which protein on microbes' capsules prevents attachment to phagocytes?

M protein

Why does a phagosome join with a lysosome?

because lysosomes are organelles with digestive enzymes

What is inflammation?

Process that recognizes foreign substances, destroy + remove them, and allow tissue to rebuild itself

What are the four signs of inflammation?

Redness Heat Pain Swelling

What is the process of inflammation?

1. INFLAMMATORY CHEMICALS immediately activated as soon as cut occurs 2. chemotaxis 3. Phagocytes in the blood stick to endothelium 4. Diapedesis -> form phagocytosis 5. tissue repair

What are fevers caused by?

pyrogens

What are the effects of fevers?

T lymphocytes are activated Intensifies effect of interferons (IFNs) May increase tissue repair

What are interferons?

antiviral chemicals - ONLY against viruses; interferes with viral replication by telling other cells about virus via AVPs

What are the three consequences of activation of complement proteins?

1. cytolysis 2. inflammation (Vasodilation) 3. Opsonization -> enhancing phagocytosis

What is the protein in the complement pathway that acts as an opsonin?

C3B

What is cascade activation?

once protein is activated -> next protein activated -> so on

What are complement proteins?

Floats + inactive proteins -> activated by presence of foreign cell