Vaccination Flashcards

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1
Q

What virus causes smallpox?

A

variola virus

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2
Q

Which virus is similar to smallpox and provided immunity against it?

A

Cowpox, a virus similar to smallpox, provides immunity against smallpox

lower mortality than small pox

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3
Q

Who successfully vaccinated people against smallpox in 1796?

A

Edward jenner

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4
Q

In 1880, what infectious disease was Louis Pasteur working on?

A

chicken cholera

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5
Q

What type of vaccine did Louis Pasteur develop for chicken cholera?

A

Louis Pasteur developed a killed vaccine, using a dead virus culture to immunize chickens against cholera.

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6
Q

What is the causative agent of human cholera?

A

Human cholera is caused by Vibrio cholerae
- Still endemic

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7
Q

Who developed a cholera vaccine in 1885, and what type of vaccine was it?

A

Jaume Ferran Clau developed a cholera vaccine in 1885, and it was a killed vaccine.

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8
Q

What is the full name of the bacterium causing tuberculosis?

A

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

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9
Q

what is TB?

A

respiratory disease which causes cavitated lesions in lungs

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10
Q

Who were the scientists responsible for developing the BCG vaccine against tuberculosis?

A

Albert Calmette and Camille Guerin developed the BCG vaccine

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11
Q

Describe the process involved in the creation of the BCG vaccine.

A

The BCG vaccine was created by cultivating Mycobacterium bovis on potato-glycerin, inducing clumping. Ox-bile was then added to reduce clumping, leading to a live attenuated vaccine with reduced virulence of M. tuberculosis.

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12
Q

How was the Hepatitis B vaccine prepared to ensure its safety?

A

heat-treating the virus to denature it,

1975

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13
Q

What is the specific component used in the Hepatitis B vaccine?

A

Recombinant HBSAg (Hepatitis B surface antigen)

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14
Q

How is Recombinant HBSAg produced for the vaccine?

A

DNA is introduced into yeasts, which then produce the Hepatitis B surface antigen (SAg).

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15
Q

What is herd immunity?

A

Herd immunity occurs when a large portion of a community becomes immune to a disease, making the spread of the disease unlikely. This provides protection to the entire community, including those who are immune

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16
Q

Why might some individuals not be able to receive vaccinations?

A

Some individuals may not be able to receive vaccinations due to allergies or having a compromised immune system that hinders their ability to fight against the vaccine.

17
Q

Herd Immunity
- What are the benefits?

A
  1. Protect clinically vulnerable
    - Protect those who cannot be vaccinated
    - Need most of the healthy population vaccinated
    - Only for person-person spread (not tetanus)
18
Q

People who depend on herd immunity?

A
  1. Immune compromised
  2. Chemotherapy
  3. HIV
  4. Newborn babies
  5. Elderly
  6. Other illnesses
19
Q

What are the key considerations in vaccine design?

A

identifying the antigen (whole/part organism or DNA/RNA), understanding the evolution and changes in antigenicity over time.

20
Q

What role do adjuvants play in vaccines?

A

increase the magnitude of the immune response. They can be non-specific or specific, often containing pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), and may include substances like aluminium salt.

21
Q

What are the different delivery methods for vaccines?

A

Vaccines can be delivered through nasal, oral, or injection routes. Nasal delivery is particularly effective for respiratory diseases.

22
Q

What challenges are associated with vaccine development?

A

Challenges in vaccine development include addressing current and future pandemics, tackling new and old diseases, and managing public opinion and information/misinformation.