Vaccination Flashcards
What virus causes smallpox?
variola virus
Which virus is similar to smallpox and provided immunity against it?
Cowpox, a virus similar to smallpox, provides immunity against smallpox
lower mortality than small pox
Who successfully vaccinated people against smallpox in 1796?
Edward jenner
In 1880, what infectious disease was Louis Pasteur working on?
chicken cholera
What type of vaccine did Louis Pasteur develop for chicken cholera?
Louis Pasteur developed a killed vaccine, using a dead virus culture to immunize chickens against cholera.
What is the causative agent of human cholera?
Human cholera is caused by Vibrio cholerae
- Still endemic
Who developed a cholera vaccine in 1885, and what type of vaccine was it?
Jaume Ferran Clau developed a cholera vaccine in 1885, and it was a killed vaccine.
What is the full name of the bacterium causing tuberculosis?
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
what is TB?
respiratory disease which causes cavitated lesions in lungs
Who were the scientists responsible for developing the BCG vaccine against tuberculosis?
Albert Calmette and Camille Guerin developed the BCG vaccine
Describe the process involved in the creation of the BCG vaccine.
The BCG vaccine was created by cultivating Mycobacterium bovis on potato-glycerin, inducing clumping. Ox-bile was then added to reduce clumping, leading to a live attenuated vaccine with reduced virulence of M. tuberculosis.
How was the Hepatitis B vaccine prepared to ensure its safety?
heat-treating the virus to denature it,
1975
What is the specific component used in the Hepatitis B vaccine?
Recombinant HBSAg (Hepatitis B surface antigen)
How is Recombinant HBSAg produced for the vaccine?
DNA is introduced into yeasts, which then produce the Hepatitis B surface antigen (SAg).
What is herd immunity?
Herd immunity occurs when a large portion of a community becomes immune to a disease, making the spread of the disease unlikely. This provides protection to the entire community, including those who are immune
Why might some individuals not be able to receive vaccinations?
Some individuals may not be able to receive vaccinations due to allergies or having a compromised immune system that hinders their ability to fight against the vaccine.
Herd Immunity
- What are the benefits?
- Protect clinically vulnerable
- Protect those who cannot be vaccinated
- Need most of the healthy population vaccinated
- Only for person-person spread (not tetanus)
People who depend on herd immunity?
- Immune compromised
- Chemotherapy
- HIV
- Newborn babies
- Elderly
- Other illnesses
What are the key considerations in vaccine design?
identifying the antigen (whole/part organism or DNA/RNA), understanding the evolution and changes in antigenicity over time.
What role do adjuvants play in vaccines?
increase the magnitude of the immune response. They can be non-specific or specific, often containing pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), and may include substances like aluminium salt.
What are the different delivery methods for vaccines?
Vaccines can be delivered through nasal, oral, or injection routes. Nasal delivery is particularly effective for respiratory diseases.
What challenges are associated with vaccine development?
Challenges in vaccine development include addressing current and future pandemics, tackling new and old diseases, and managing public opinion and information/misinformation.