Vaccination

Question 1

What virus causes smallpox?

Answer 1

variola virus

Question 2

Which virus is similar to smallpox and provided immunity against it?

Answer 2

Cowpox, a virus similar to smallpox, provides immunity against smallpox

lower mortality than small pox

Question 3

Who successfully vaccinated people against smallpox in 1796?

Answer 3

Edward jenner

Question 4

In 1880, what infectious disease was Louis Pasteur working on?

Answer 4

chicken cholera

Question 5

What type of vaccine did Louis Pasteur develop for chicken cholera?

Answer 5

Louis Pasteur developed a killed vaccine, using a dead virus culture to immunize chickens against cholera.

Question 6

What is the causative agent of human cholera?

Answer 6

Human cholera is caused by Vibrio cholerae
- Still endemic

Question 7

Who developed a cholera vaccine in 1885, and what type of vaccine was it?

Answer 7

Jaume Ferran Clau developed a cholera vaccine in 1885, and it was a killed vaccine.

Question 8

What is the full name of the bacterium causing tuberculosis?

Answer 8

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Question 9

what is TB?

Answer 9

respiratory disease which causes cavitated lesions in lungs

Question 10

Who were the scientists responsible for developing the BCG vaccine against tuberculosis?

Answer 10

Albert Calmette and Camille Guerin developed the BCG vaccine

Question 11

Describe the process involved in the creation of the BCG vaccine.

Answer 11

The BCG vaccine was created by cultivating Mycobacterium bovis on potato-glycerin, inducing clumping. Ox-bile was then added to reduce clumping, leading to a live attenuated vaccine with reduced virulence of M. tuberculosis.

Question 12

How was the Hepatitis B vaccine prepared to ensure its safety?

Answer 12

heat-treating the virus to denature it,

1975

Question 13

What is the specific component used in the Hepatitis B vaccine?

Answer 13

Recombinant HBSAg (Hepatitis B surface antigen)

Question 14

How is Recombinant HBSAg produced for the vaccine?

Answer 14

DNA is introduced into yeasts, which then produce the Hepatitis B surface antigen (SAg).

Question 15

What is herd immunity?

Answer 15

Herd immunity occurs when a large portion of a community becomes immune to a disease, making the spread of the disease unlikely. This provides protection to the entire community, including those who are immune

Question 16

Why might some individuals not be able to receive vaccinations?

Answer 16

Some individuals may not be able to receive vaccinations due to allergies or having a compromised immune system that hinders their ability to fight against the vaccine.

Question 17

Herd Immunity
- What are the benefits?

Answer 17

1. Protect clinically vulnerable
   - Protect those who cannot be vaccinated
   - Need most of the healthy population vaccinated
   - Only for person-person spread (not tetanus)

Question 18

People who depend on herd immunity?

Answer 18

1. Immune compromised
2. Chemotherapy
3. HIV
4. Newborn babies
5. Elderly
6. Other illnesses

Question 19

What are the key considerations in vaccine design?

Answer 19

identifying the antigen (whole/part organism or DNA/RNA), understanding the evolution and changes in antigenicity over time.

Question 20

What role do adjuvants play in vaccines?

Answer 20

increase the magnitude of the immune response. They can be non-specific or specific, often containing pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), and may include substances like aluminium salt.

Question 21

What are the different delivery methods for vaccines?

Answer 21

Vaccines can be delivered through nasal, oral, or injection routes. Nasal delivery is particularly effective for respiratory diseases.

Question 22

What challenges are associated with vaccine development?

Answer 22

Challenges in vaccine development include addressing current and future pandemics, tackling new and old diseases, and managing public opinion and information/misinformation.