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4th Yr - CMS 1 > Respiratory 2 > Flashcards

Respiratory 2 Flashcards

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Introductory Sommelier Exam (CMS) flashcards
1
Q

what is obstructive sleep apnea ?

A
  • happens during sleep
  • obstruction in upper oropharyngeal airway
  • leads to cease in breathing, hypoxia will wake person up
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2
Q

what does OSA cause?

A
  • tiredness and ^ risk cardiovascular disease
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3
Q

what is the cause of sleep apnea?

A

obesity
enlarged tonsils
microbes
smoking
oedema
hypertension

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4
Q

what is the tx for OSA?

A

CPAP machine at night
continuous positive airway pressure

mandibular advancement prothesis = hold mandible and tongue forward and upon up upper airway - occlusion needs too be monitored

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5
Q

what is fibrotic lung disease ?

A

lung tissue becomes scarred and fibrous
cannot be reversed and is progressive

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6
Q

what are the causes of fibrotic Lung disease ?

A

drugs
autoimmune disease = rheumatic arthritis

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7
Q

what is the management of FLD?

A
  • long term 02
  • lifestyle modifications
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8
Q

what is sarcoidosis ?

A
  • an eg of FLD
  • Systemic disease causes granulomas throughout whole body
  • breathlessness
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9
Q

what areas in the body does sarcoidosis affect?

A

kidney - can affect drug metabolism
liver
eyes
gingival enlargement
cranial neuropathy (cranial nerves)

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10
Q

what can respiratory tract infections be divided into?

A

upper and lower RTI
- depending on where the infection is ie. above or below the larynx

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11
Q

what can happen if someone has URTI?

A

can progress and descend to LRTI if not managed properly

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12
Q

how does one get RTI?

A

Viral, common cold or flu, covid or bacterial or fungal

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13
Q

what are the dental links to RTI?

A
  • a pt with poor OH likely to have colonisation oropharynx with bacteria and cause infection
  • aspiration of a foreign body during a dental procedure can travel to lungs and cause aspiration pneumonia or abscess
  • if foreign body remains higher up in respiratory tract = BLS choking
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14
Q

what is pneumonia ?

A

infection of lung parenchyma itself (multiple bacterial/ viral infections)

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15
Q

what are the symptoms of pneumonia?

A
  • cough - with green yellow sputum
  • chest pain - sharp pain when breathing in
  • pleuritic pain (pleura around lungs are inflamed, they rub together when lungs expand on inhalation)
  • purulent sputum
  • fever
  • breathlessness
  • pleurisy
  • hypoxia
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16
Q

how do we treat bacterial pneumonia ?

A

antibiotics
some severe cases - hospital admissions
pts may become hypoxic due to reduction in surface of alveoli available for gas exchange as they’re blocked up with bacteria and inflammatory cells

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17
Q

what is strep throat caused by?

A

streptococcus pyogenes

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18
Q

who usually gets strep throat

A

children

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19
Q

what is strep throat an eg of ?

A

upper respiratory tract infection

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20
Q

what are the symptoms of strep throat

A

sore throat
fever
maculopapular skin rash
swollen cervical lymph nodes

21
Q

if you were doing an oral exam on a strep throat pt what would you see?

A

soft palate petechiae (tiny dots red and pharynx)
strawberry tongue (red swollen and bumpy)
tonsil inflamed

22
Q

what happens if strep throat isn’t treated properly ?

A

causes rheumatic fever

23
Q

which bacteria is TB caused by ?

A

mycobacterium tuberculosis
- we have a vax for it

24
Q

what is TB ?

A

causes severe lung disease w/ scarring of lungs

25
Q

symptoms of TB

A

cough
fever
weight loss
night sweats
heamoptysis (coughing blood)

26
Q

how do we treat and prevent TB?

A

vax
antibiotics (Mycobacterium TB has a thick cell wall which prevents against certain antibiotics )

27
Q

what are the 2 types of TB?

A

active (infectious) and latent (chronic and non infectious)

28
Q

how do we deal with pts who have active TB in clinics?

A

minimising aerosol procedures
- use rubber dam avoid GA as th bacteria affects machines
- keep in mind staff that are immune suppressed
- ultrasonic scaler can’t use

29
Q

which bacteria causes legionaries disease ?

A

legionella
they grow in stagnant water (keep water supply clean in dentistry)
pneumonia symptoms

30
Q

what is bronchiectasis

A

cycle of recurrent infections and resulting damage
triggered by severe infections that causes damages to bronchial walls
or genetic abnormality eg. cilia
= this damage to brachial walls causes an ^ susceptibility for further infections and so on

31
Q

COPD v bronchiectasis

A

Bronchi are dilated due to damage
pt becomes chronically hypoxic due to lung damage therefore severe bronchiectasis should be treated as pts who are risk of type 2 respiratory failure so need to get 02 checked
where the target of 88- 92% Sts are reached again

32
Q

what is cystic fibrosis?

A

genetic disease
caused by inefficient chloride channel in cell membrane which disrupts ion transfer across cell membrane thus fluid transfer across cell membrane - necessary in lungs as mucus needed to soft away infections
= mucus therefore becomes very sticky and so difficult for cilia to waft away

33
Q

what can CF lead to if there are recurrent infections ?

A

severe bronchiectasis

34
Q

where else can be affected by CF other than the lungs?

A
  • plugging in pancreatic ducts = pts can’t secrete pancreatic enzymes for digestion can cause malnutrition
35
Q

how do we manage CF?

A

drugs to thin mucus down
chest radiotherapy
may need long term antibiotics
pancreatic enzymes to aid nutrition
home 02
lung transplant (short supply an lifelong immunosuppression to avoid rejection, these have side effects eg. infections)

36
Q

what is the life expectancy of CF ?

A

short life
only half live past 40

37
Q

what can lung cancer be divided into ?

A

small (neuroendocrine tumour progresses rapidly) and non small cell (common but slow can be surgically removed)

38
Q

what is the main risk factor for lung cancer ?

A

smoking

39
Q

what are the signs and symptoms of lung cancer ?

A

new cough that doesn’t go away (over 2 weeks)
haemoptysis
breathlessness
wheezing
chronic chest pain
stridor
fatigue
weightloss
horners syndrome

40
Q

what is Horners syndrome?

A

tumour at top of apex of lung
compress nerves there
causes ptosis mitosis and anhidrosis

41
Q

what is ptosis?

A

droopy eyelid

42
Q

what is miosis ?

A

constricted pupil

43
Q

what is anhydrous

A

no sweating on that side of face

44
Q

why can tumours do to nearby structures?

A

compares them

45
Q

what are some signs that a tumour is compressing nearby areas?

A
  • difficulty swallowing
  • pain on swallowing
    could be tumour in oesophagus
  • facial and neck swelling = tumour in thorax that’s compressing where the veins drain out from the head and neck = blood stays at the back of neck causing swelling
  • hoarse voice due to tumour compressing nerve supply on vocal coords
46
Q

how do we treat lung cancer ?

A
  • chest xray - to visualise tumour
  • bronchoscopy - placing a scoop down throat and trachea to visualise airways
    biopsy
    -aspiration fluid around lungs - where we can find cancer cells
  • staging ct scan = of throat abdomen and pelvis to check for metastases
47
Q

how do we treat

A
  • depends on type of cancer and metastases
  • chemotherapy
  • radiotherapy
  • surgery
48
Q

what do chemotherapy drugs cause in pts with LC ?

A

further drugs = to relive side effects of analgesia= laxatives, anti sickness meds

support

49
Q

what are the signs, symptoms, risk factors and tx of laryngeal cancer ?

A
  • laryngectomy = ppl who have this can longer breathe thru mouth and nose but thru a hole in neck called stoma or trachestomy
    can loose ability to speak because of this
  • in emergency o2 needs to go through stoma not mouth and nose

4th Yr - CMS 1 (27 decks)

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