HIV and hepatitis Flashcards
How was hepatitis discovered during yellow fever vaccinations?
when individuals receiving the vaccine developed symptoms of hepatitis, leading to the identification of a different disease
what does yellow fever give you?
jaundice
When was the hepatitis vaccine developed?
1920
- Stabilised with human serum + containated with hepatitis, and therefore they developed hepatitis
+ this furthered our understanding that hepatitis is transmitted through the blood
What are the two types of hepatitis and their features?
- Infectious hepatitis - which spread from person to person from living in small areas and spaces
+ Short incubation period
+ Faecal-oral transmission - Serum hepatitis
- Longer incubation period
- Serum transmission = this is hep b now
Describe the features of hep A and the spread, and symptoms
- Worldwide distribution
- Person to person
- Poor hygiene
- Unsafe water
- 14-28 day incubation
- Fever, malaise, abdo pain
- Jaundice (raised serum bilirubin)
- Dark urine (bilirubin in urine)
- Highly likely to recover
- Lifelong immunity following infection
How does hep B spread?
- Blood/body fluid transmission
- Mother to child during birth
- Sexual transmission
- IV drug abuse
- Tattoo/healthcare
300mil ppl
kills 1 mill ppl a year
Hepatitis B Infection Course
Hepatitis B
- What is the key antigen targeted in Hepatitis B vaccination?
HBSag (Hepatitis B surface antigen)
What antibodies do immunised individuals typically have?
anti-HBS antibodies
What antibodies do individuals who have been exposed to the Hepatitis B virus typically have?
both anti-HBS and anti-HBC antibodies.
What are the common modes of transmission for HIV
- Hepatitis B can be transmitted through blood, body fluids, and from mother to baby. Common modes include maternal transmission, unprotected sex, contaminated blood products, and needle stick injuries
What are NOT the modes of transmission for Hepatitis B?
Hepatitis B is not transmitted through normal contact, sharing food, cutlery, plates, cups, or condom-protected sex.
Describe Stage 1 of HIV infection
Stage 1 of HIV infection occurs 2-4 weeks after exposure and includes symptoms such as malaise, fatigue, muscle pain, fever, and lymphadenopathy
What characterizes Stage 2 of HIV infection?
Stage 2 of HIV infection lasts for months to years and is marked by increasing viral replication
- usually asymptomatic
What is the final stage of HIV infection?
The final stage of HIV infection is Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS).
Which white blood cells does HIV affect?
HIV primarily affects CD4+ T cells, which are T helper cells that play a crucial role in the immune system’s ability to fight infections
What is the role of CD8+ T cells in the immune system?
CD8+ T cells, also known as Killer T cells, play a role in killing tumor cells and infected cells
Where does HIV replicate within the body?
HIV replicates within CD4+ cells
What happens to the CD4 count during Stage 2 of HIV infection?
During Stage 2 of HIV infection, the CD4 count gradually declines
What is the consequence of a declining CD4 count in HIV infection?
A declining CD4 count leads to increased immunocompromise in the affected person.
How is AIDS defined in the context of HIV infection?
AIDS is defined as HIV infection in conjunction with a CD4+ count less than 200 per microliter
What are some of the associated illnesses that accompany HIV infection when the CD4+ count is less than 200 per microliter, defining AIDS?
AIDS is associated with various illnesses, including lymphoma, Kaposi Sarcoma, and opportunistic infections such as candidiasis and other fungal, viral, and parasitic infections. The prognosis for individuals in Stage 3/AIDS is generally poor.
What are some key parameters used to monitor HIV infection and treatment response?
- Viral load : quantity of virus in serum
- Effect on white blood cells
- Risk of infection
CD4 count
CD4/8 ratio
Challenges of HIV
- Long latent period
- Lack of universal testing
- Expensive treatment
- Impact of disease on family, local, national, regional economies
