Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

4th Yr - CMS 1 > HIV and hepatitis > Flashcards

HIV and hepatitis Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Introductory Sommelier Exam (CMS) flashcards
1
Q

How was hepatitis discovered during yellow fever vaccinations?

A

when individuals receiving the vaccine developed symptoms of hepatitis, leading to the identification of a different disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what does yellow fever give you?

A

jaundice

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

When was the hepatitis vaccine developed?

A

1920
- Stabilised with human serum + containated with hepatitis, and therefore they developed hepatitis
+ this furthered our understanding that hepatitis is transmitted through the blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the two types of hepatitis and their features?

A
  1. Infectious hepatitis - which spread from person to person from living in small areas and spaces
    + Short incubation period
    + Faecal-oral transmission
  2. Serum hepatitis
    - Longer incubation period
    - Serum transmission = this is hep b now
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Describe the features of hep A and the spread, and symptoms

A
  1. Worldwide distribution
  2. Person to person
  3. Poor hygiene
  4. Unsafe water
  5. 14-28 day incubation
  6. Fever, malaise, abdo pain
  7. Jaundice (raised serum bilirubin)
  8. Dark urine (bilirubin in urine)
  9. Highly likely to recover
  10. Lifelong immunity following infection
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How does hep B spread?

A
  1. Blood/body fluid transmission
  2. Mother to child during birth
  3. Sexual transmission
  4. IV drug abuse
  5. Tattoo/healthcare

300mil ppl
kills 1 mill ppl a year

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Hepatitis B Infection Course

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Hepatitis B
- What is the key antigen targeted in Hepatitis B vaccination?

A

HBSag (Hepatitis B surface antigen)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What antibodies do immunised individuals typically have?

A

anti-HBS antibodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What antibodies do individuals who have been exposed to the Hepatitis B virus typically have?

A

both anti-HBS and anti-HBC antibodies.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the common modes of transmission for HIV

A
  1. Hepatitis B can be transmitted through blood, body fluids, and from mother to baby. Common modes include maternal transmission, unprotected sex, contaminated blood products, and needle stick injuries
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are NOT the modes of transmission for Hepatitis B?

A

Hepatitis B is not transmitted through normal contact, sharing food, cutlery, plates, cups, or condom-protected sex.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Describe Stage 1 of HIV infection

A

Stage 1 of HIV infection occurs 2-4 weeks after exposure and includes symptoms such as malaise, fatigue, muscle pain, fever, and lymphadenopathy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What characterizes Stage 2 of HIV infection?

A

Stage 2 of HIV infection lasts for months to years and is marked by increasing viral replication
- usually asymptomatic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the final stage of HIV infection?

A

The final stage of HIV infection is Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Which white blood cells does HIV affect?

A

HIV primarily affects CD4+ T cells, which are T helper cells that play a crucial role in the immune system’s ability to fight infections

17
Q

What is the role of CD8+ T cells in the immune system?

A

CD8+ T cells, also known as Killer T cells, play a role in killing tumor cells and infected cells

18
Q

Where does HIV replicate within the body?

A

HIV replicates within CD4+ cells

19
Q

What happens to the CD4 count during Stage 2 of HIV infection?

A

During Stage 2 of HIV infection, the CD4 count gradually declines

20
Q

What is the consequence of a declining CD4 count in HIV infection?

A

A declining CD4 count leads to increased immunocompromise in the affected person.

21
Q

How is AIDS defined in the context of HIV infection?

A

AIDS is defined as HIV infection in conjunction with a CD4+ count less than 200 per microliter

22
Q

What are some of the associated illnesses that accompany HIV infection when the CD4+ count is less than 200 per microliter, defining AIDS?

A

AIDS is associated with various illnesses, including lymphoma, Kaposi Sarcoma, and opportunistic infections such as candidiasis and other fungal, viral, and parasitic infections. The prognosis for individuals in Stage 3/AIDS is generally poor.

23
Q

What are some key parameters used to monitor HIV infection and treatment response?

A
  1. Viral load : quantity of virus in serum
  2. Effect on white blood cells
  3. Risk of infection
    CD4 count
    CD4/8 ratio
24
Q
A
25
Q

Challenges of HIV

A
  1. Long latent period
  2. Lack of universal testing
  3. Expensive treatment
  4. Impact of disease on family, local, national, regional economies

4th Yr - CMS 1 (27 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions