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RESPI > V: Ventilation and Perfusion > Flashcards

V: Ventilation and Perfusion Flashcards

1
Q

Total volume mobilized during the total number of exhalations

A

Ventilation

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2
Q

Ventilation equation

A

Tidal V x Respiratory Rate

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3
Q

Standard tidal volume

A

500mL

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4
Q

Standard breathings per minute

A

15 breaths per minute

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5
Q

Normal ventilation is

A

7500 mL per minute

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6
Q

Current volume is made up of

A

Alveolar volume and physiologically dead space volume VD

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7
Q

Subtypes of physiologically dead volume

A

Anatomically dead space

Alveolar dead space

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8
Q

Of the air inspired how much remains in anatomically dead space and how much is actually entering the respiratory zone

A

Total = 7500mL/min
Air in anatomically dead space = 150mL/min
Air into respiratory zone = 5250mL/min

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8
Q

Of the air inspired how much remains in anatomically dead space and how much is actually entering the respiratory zone

A

Total = 7500mL/min
Air in anatomically dead space = 150mL/min
Air into respiratory zone = 5250mL/min

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9
Q

Air entering into respiratory zone =

A

Alveolar ventilation

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10
Q

How is alveolar ventilation measured

A

CO2 expired, Bohr’s method

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11
Q

Is there diffusion in anatomically dead spaces

A

No

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12
Q

How is anatomically dead space measured (Procedure)

A

Fowler method, where you breath in N2 (measured), then a single O2 breath taken.
O2 will be mixed with N2 in anatomically dead space therefore [N2] exhaled will increase

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13
Q

How much air inside alveolar dead space

A

0 in normal conditions, but relevant in pathology

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14
Q

Normal ratio of dead space/tidal volume

A

0.2 - 0.3

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15
Q

PCO2 in alveolar and arterial blood are

A

IDENTICAL

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16
Q

Differences between Fowler and Bohr method

A

Fowler measured the volume in conduction airways

Bohr measured the volume of the lung that does not clear up CO2

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17
Q

In normal conditions, measurements of Fowler and Bohr should be

A

Equal

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18
Q

Does the entire cardiac output pass through pulmonary circulation

A

Yes, except bronchial and coronary circulation

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19
Q

Cardiac output is measured through which method

A

Thermoregulation method

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20
Q

How is the process of thermoregulation

A

Cold serum administered to right atrium
Travels through circulatory system
When it reached RA again –> drop in venous blood

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21
Q

Normal cardiac output

A

5L

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22
Q

How does fluid express different gravities

A

Through hydrostatic pressure

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23
Q

Does perfusion increase down the lung

A

Yes

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24
Q

Does ventilation increase down the lung

A

Yes

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25
Q

Which increases more going down the lung, perfusion or ventilation

A

Perfusion

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26
Q

Is hydrostatic pressure greater or lower at the base of the lung

A

Greater, it increases going down the lung

27
Q

Consequences of increased hydrostatic pressure at base of lung

A

Greater perfusion and ventilation

28
Q

What is the ratio of air reaching tissues

A

V / Q

29
Q

Is ventilation at apex greater than perfusion

A

Yes

30
Q

If V>Q then

A

Dead space in APEX

31
Q

If V/Q = 1 then

A

At middle of lung

32
Q

If V < Q

A

Shunt at base of lung

33
Q

Pulmonary diffusion at APEX

A

V/Q > 1

Alveolar P > Arterial P > Venous P

34
Q

Pulmonary diffusion at MIDDLE LUNG

A

V/Q = 1

Arterial P > Alveolar P > Venous P

35
Q

Pulmonary diffusion at BASE

A

V/Q < 1

Arterial P > Venous P > Alveolar P

36
Q

Flow at APEX determined by

A

Atriovenous pressure

37
Q

Flow at MIDDLE determined by

A

Arterio-alveolar pressure

38
Q

Flow at BASE determined by

A

Arteriovenous pressure

39
Q

Ventilation perfusion ratio =

A

0.8

40
Q

If V/Q > 0.8…

A

Apical zone, dead space

41
Q

If V/Q < 0.8…

A

Basal space, shunt

42
Q

Is alveolar PO2 smaller than atmospheric PO2

A

Yes

43
Q

PO2 alveolar

A

104mmHHg

44
Q

PO2 atmospheric

A

160mmHg

45
Q

Why does PO2 drop from 160mmHg to 150mmHg entering the airways

A

Because due to humidification

46
Q

Blood ENTERING alveolar capillary PO2 and PCO2

A 
PO2 = 40mmHg
PCO2 = 45mmHg
47
Q

Blood LEAVING alveolar capillary PO2 and PCO2

A

PO2 < 100mmHg

PCO2 = 40mmHg

48
Q

In alveolar obstruction what accumulates in the blood

A

CO2, because there cannot be an effective gas exchange

49
Q

Reaction of organism in blockage situation

A

Vasodilate to increase perfusion so blood of poorly ventilated capillaries mixed with blood of well ventilated capillaries

50
Q

Result in blood from vasodilation and mixing blood of well and poorly ventilated areas

A

Decrease in blood [O2]

51
Q

Does vasodilation actually happen then in the organism

A

No

52
Q

What does ACTUALLY occur in the organism as a response to a shunt

A

There is vasoconstriction of poorly ventilated areas to prevent a drop in O2

53
Q

What is hypoxia

A

Decreased O2 in blood

54
Q

How does the organism react to hypoxia

A

By vasoconstricting vessels of poorly ventilating areas to redirect blood to the good ventilated areas

55
Q

EX. Mountaneers

A

Decreased barometric pressure –> decreased alveolar O2 –> body reacts by vasoconstricting poorly ventilated areas

56
Q

EX. COPD

A

Alveoli are obstructed so no gas exchange –> PO2 decreases in alveoli –> vasoconstriction of poorly ventilated areas

57
Q

IN COPD, vasoconstriction of poorly ventilated areas can lead to

A

Pulmonary hypertension

58
Q

Alveolar obstruction occurs when

A

Alveoli are obstructed so the blood passing through the capillaries of these alveoli do not carry out the process of gas diffusion

59
Q

Perfusion obstruction occurs when

A

Alveolar capillaries are obstructed so air enters during respiration but not able to diffuse into blood

60
Q

Airway obstruction equals to

A

Shunt (at base of lung) because V/Q < 0.8

Because there is little ventilation and great perfusion due to alvoelar obstruction

61
Q

Perfusion obstruction equals to

A

Anatomical dead space (Apex) because V/Q > 0.8

Since ventilation is much greater than perfusion due alveolar capillary obstruction

62
Q

What would be the consequence of perfusion obstruction

A

Thrombus, clot that forms on the wall of a blood vessel

63
Q

What would a thrombus cause

A

Hypertension

64
Q

Why is PO2 exiting the lung not equal to alveolar 104mmHg

A

Because the PO2 exiting the lung is a mixture of all exchanges happening at different levels –> 98mmHg

RESPI (16 decks)

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