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RESPI > II: Respiratory System Unit > Flashcards

II: Respiratory System Unit Flashcards

1
Q

Pleura formed by

A

Parietal and visceral pleura

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2
Q

Parietal pleura composition

A

Fibrous membrane

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3
Q

With what is the parietal membrane in contact with

A

Thoracic cage

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4
Q

With what is the visceral layer in contact with

A

Lungs

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5
Q

Barometric pressure definition

A

Pressure of the atmosphere (the air)

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6
Q

At the end of respiration both barometric and alveolar pressures =

A

0

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7
Q

What causes a difference of -1 between alveolar and barometric pressure

A

The retraction of the diaphragm

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8
Q

What causes air to move to the interior of lungs

A

The difference of -1 between alveolar and barometric pressure

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9
Q

At the end of inspiration, barometric and alveolar P are

A

Equal

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10
Q

What causes air to move out of the lung

A

During expiration, the diaphragm relaxes to Palveolar&raquo_space; Pbarometric

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11
Q

Process of air coming in and out (TODO)

A

Before inhalation (P barometric and P alveolar = 0)

During inhalation the diaphragm contracts so Palveolar decreases. There is a difference of -1 between alveolar and barometric pressure

At the end of inhalation Palveolar = Pbarometric because P alveolar is 0 again

Diaphragm stops retracting, thoracic cage decreases in volume, Palveolar»Pbarometric so air comes out of lungs

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12
Q

Why does inspiration occur

A

Due to the differences in barometric and alveolar pressure

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13
Q

What facilitates inspiration

A

Respiration muscles

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14
Q

What is hysteresis

A

Differences in volumes during inspiration and expiration, at the same pressure

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15
Q

What is closing capacity, CC

A

Volume at which the smallest airways collapse

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16
Q

Does the lung ever run out of air

A

No, starting point is never 0 due to the closing capacity

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17
Q

The intrapleural pressure is always

A

NEGATIVE

18
Q

What keeps the lungs in the rib cage

A

The negative intrapleural pressure

19
Q

Ppleural at upper poles =

A

-10cmH2O

20
Q

Ppleural at lower poles

A

-2cmH2O

21
Q

Greater distensibility in

A

Upper alveoli because they are larger

22
Q

Greater expanding capacity in

A

Lower alveoli so they participate more in ventilation

23
Q

Lung compliance definition

A

Change in volume in lungs at a given pressure

24
Q

Average lung compliance in lung

A

200mL/cmH2O

25
Q

The greatest distensibility found at

A

Intermediate zones

26
Q

Pulmonary emphysema cause

A

Intralveolar septa are ruptures

27
Q

Consequence of pulmonary emphysema

A

More air enters the lungs at low pressures
No effective gas exchange due to low pressures
Decrease in O2 –> dyspnea

More distensibility (due to decreased resistance) –> more compliance

28
Q

What increases distensibility in pulmonary emphysema

A

The lack of resistance

29
Q

Pulmonary fibrosis cause

A

Septa are thickenes

30
Q

Consequences of pulmonary fibrosis

A

Greater resistance to be overcome

Less distensibility = less compliance

31
Q

What is surface tension

A

The energy exerted on a surface to maintain its SA/unit area

32
Q

What cancels surface tension in alveolis

A

Surfactant produced by type II pneumocytes

33
Q

How do pneumocytes work

A

They exert forces in all directions to forces cancel

34
Q

Blockage of airways leading to alveoli will cause

A

Alveolar collapse

35
Q

LaPlace’s law:

A

Gradient pressure = 2y/r

y = surface tension 
r = alveolar radius
36
Q

Pressure required to keep alveoli expanded is greater in small or large alveoli

A

Small

37
Q

Why is there exchange between small and large alveolus

A

Because ∆P is greater in small alveolus

38
Q

Types of exchange between small and large alveolus

A

Equal exchange: 2 alveolus = in size so air flowing in and out is equal
Non-equitational exchange: more air exiting airways + entering in small alveolus

39
Q

Compositino of surfactant

A

(90% lipids and 10% H2O)

40
Q

Functions of surfactant

A

Decrease ST
Increase stability
Prevent pulmonary edema

41
Q

Production of surfactant according to the size of alveolus

A

Large alveolus produce SMALL surfactant –> decrease in size

Small alveolus produce LARGE surfactant –> maintain size

42
Q

Respiratory distress syndrome in newborns occurs due to

A

Lack of surfactant –> stiffness and little distensibility in lungs

RESPI (16 decks)

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