V. Structure and function of human body

Question 1

Describe the transmission of information in the nervous system (basic)

Answer 1

• Nerve impulses from the receptor cells, sensory neurons, are send to the central nervous system with the help of neurons.
• The dendrites receive the neurotransmitters by endocytosis and send the impulse further to the axon and then to the end plates of the neuron.
• At the endplates calcium ions are entering the endplates, which pushes the vesicles with the neutron transmitters to be releases at the synapse by exocytosis.

Question 2

Which are the 5 senses?

Answer 2

See
hear
smell
touch (sense)
taste

Question 3

function of the eye - cornea

Answer 3

helps focus the light that enters the eye

Question 4

function of the eye - iris

Answer 4

controls the amount of light that enters

Question 5

function of the eye - pupil

Answer 5

dim light the pupil is wide open so as much light as possible enters while in bright light the pupils contract to protect the retina from damage by excess light

Question 6

function of the eye -lens

Answer 6

bends the light

Question 7

function of the eye - Aqueous and vitreous humours

Answer 7

maintains the shape of the eyeball and help press the retina firmly against the choroid so clear images are seen.

Question 8

function of the eye - blind spot

Answer 8

there are no rod and cone cells, see nothing

Question 9

function of the eye - optic nerve

Answer 9

send the information of the eyes to the brain

Question 10

function of the eye - fovea

Answer 10

the area of sharpest vision

Question 11

function of the eye - sclera

Answer 11

a tough fibrous layer that protects the eyeball and gives it rigidity

Question 12

function of the eye - retina

Answer 12

the place where the rod and cone cells are located, vision

Question 13

function of the eye - choroid

Answer 13

It contains a network of blood vessels that supply the eye with oxygen and nutrients

Question 14

function of the ear - pinna

Answer 14

help deflect sound into the external auditory canal

Question 15

function of the ear - eardrum

Answer 15

This is a thin and delicate membrane. Vibration of the eardrum by sound puts pressure on a series of three small bones in a space behind the eardrum

Question 16

function of the ear - ossicles

Answer 16

transmit sound vibration from the eardrum to the cochlea in the inner ear.

Question 17

function of the ear - semicircular channels

Answer 17

balance

Question 18

function of the ear - autitory nerve

Answer 18

sends the signals of the ear to the brain

Question 19

function of the ear - cochlea

Answer 19

a spiral, fluid-filled bony structure lined with a membrane holding tiny hairs that move when vibrations (frequencies) in the fluid reach them

Question 20

What is systemic circulation? (heart)

Answer 20

is the part of the cardiovascular system which carries oxygenated blood from the heart.

Question 21

What is pulmonary circulation? (heart)

Answer 21

is the part of the cardiovascular system which carries deoxygenated blood away from the heart to the lungs

Question 22

What is the function of the heart?

Answer 22

Function of the heart: to pump blood around the body so that the blood can supply the cells with oxygen and nutrition and remove the carbon dioxide and the waist products.

Question 23

What is the first line of defense? (immune system)

Answer 23

skin and mucus lining

Question 24

What is active immunity?

Answer 24

is due to the production of antibodies by the organism, after the body´s defenses have been exposed to antigens (natural or by injections)

Question 25

What is passive immunity?

Answer 25

gained antibodies from another source than the own body (e.g. from mother to child via injection)

Question 26

What are the classification of hormones?

Answer 26

Steroidal hormones, protein hormones, amino acid derivatives

Question 27

Endocrine glands

Answer 27

Are glands of the endocrine system that secrete hormones directly to the blood rather than through the duct. Some major endocrine glands, pituitary gland (FSH, LH, GH, TSH, oxytocin, ADH hormones), thyroid gland (thyroid hormone), pancreas gland (glucagon, insulin).

Question 28

Describe the hierarchy of hormone action (hypothalamus-pituitary-gland)

Answer 28

The autonomic nervous system which functions without person’s thinking, chemicals used to communicated called transmitters and they are hormones. For example, when the body needs more water, the blood circulating decreases, and decreasing blood volume is perceived by receptors in arteries (response to dehydration). This responds by sending impulses through nerves to the hypothalamus to posterior pituitary gland which produces ADH hormone which signals the kidney to concentrate urine and retrain water and increases the permeability of the collecting duct to water to be reabsorbed by osmosis

Question 29

Hierarchic structure of human body - organs

Answer 29

1. Sensory organs: smell, sight, hearing
2. Organs: respiratory (lungs), digestive (stomach), urogenital (kidney), male and female genital (testes, ovaries), ductless glands (thyroid), endocrine (adrenal), skeletal system (skull, radius, thigh bone).

Question 30

Hierarchic structure of human body - tissues

Answer 30

epithelial tissue (lining, glangular epithelium), connective tissue (loose, fibrous connective tissue), nervous tissue (neurons, neurogila), muscle tissue (skeletal, cardiac, smooth muscle).

Question 31

Hierarchic structure of human body - system

Answer 31

skeletal, muscular, nervous, respiratory, cardiovascular, digestive, excretory, endocrine, immune and reproductive system.

Question 32

Skeleto-muscular system – major structures and functions

Answer 32

Functions: support and protect the body and its organs, and provide motion
Major structures: axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton
Substructures: tendons, ligaments, cartilage, bone, muscle and joints