I. Chemical structures. II: Structure and function of the cell

Question 1

What is an inorganic component of organism and give an example

Answer 1

Compounds that do not contain carbon

e.g. H2O, CO2, CO these are exeptions, but are inorganic

Question 2

What is an organic component of organism and give an example

Answer 2

Organic compounds that contain carbon, or any member of a large class of gaseous, liquid, or solid chemical compound whose molecules contain carbon. It is found in living organisms.
e.g. sugar, fat

Question 3

What is a biogenetic element?

Answer 3

Chemical elements that are constantly present in organisms and are having definite biological significance

Question 4

The role of oxygen (biogenetic element)?

Answer 4

Used in cell respiration in order to produce energy, ATP (aerobic cell respiration)

Question 5

The role of phosphorus (biogenetic element)?

Answer 5

The backbone of DNA

Question 6

The role of sulfur (biogenetic element)?

Answer 6

It is a key component in most proteins due to the fact that it is the amino acids methionine and cysteine

Question 7

The role of nitrogen (biogenetic element)?

Answer 7

It is a key compounent in proteins (found in amino acids)

Question 8

The role of hydrogen (biogenetic element)?

Answer 8

It makes up water and it present in all organic compounds

Question 9

The role of carbon (biogenetic element)?

Answer 9

It is found in all organic compounds

Question 10

What are macroelements and what is their role?

Answer 10

Molecules the body needs in relatively large amounts

e.g. vitamins, proteins, traces

Question 11

What are microelements and what is their role?

Answer 11

Molecules the body needs in relative small amounts

e.g. Na, Mg

Question 12

What is the role of water for living organism?

Answer 12

cooling, it has high boiling points (it is important for the survival of organism), it is less dence in solid form (ice) because it maintaince the habitats of organism such as for example fish

Question 13

Give examples of monosaccharides

Answer 13

glucose
fructose
galactose

Question 14

Give examples of disaccharides

Answer 14

lactose
maltose
sucrose

Question 15

Give examples of polysaccharides

Answer 15

starch
glycogen
cellulose

Question 16

Role of given carbohydrates for living organisms - glucose

Answer 16

energy source

Question 17

Role of given carbohydrates for living organisms - fructose

Answer 17

sugar in fruits

Question 18

Role of given carbohydrates for living organisms - ribose

Answer 18

RNA

Question 19

Role of given carbohydrates for living organisms - deoxyribose

Answer 19

DNA

Question 20

Role of given carbohydrates for living organisms - sucrose

Answer 20

sugar in plants

Question 21

Role of given carbohydrates for living organisms - starch

Answer 21

energy storage in plants

Question 22

Role of given carbohydrates for living organisms - glycogen

Answer 22

sugar/enegy storage in humans (mammals)

Question 23

Role of given carbohydrates for living organisms - cellulose

Answer 23

makes plant´s cell wall strong

Question 24

Role and structure of lipids

Answer 24

Role: long term energy storage, protection of organs
Structure: large carbon chain, Hydrophobic (not water soluble)

Question 25

Whats a peptide bonsd?

Answer 25

The bond that forms when 2 amino acids join together

Question 26

Biological role of proteins?

Answer 26

``` Structural support bodily movement (muscles) defense against germs (antibodies) metabolism (enzymes) hormonal proteins storage proteins transport proteins ```

Question 27

Characteristics of proteins - Albumins

Answer 27

globular, water-soluble, un-glycosylated serum protein

Question 28

Characteristics of proteins - Globulins

Answer 28

insoluble in water, soluble in saline solutions

Question 29

Characteristics of proteins - Histones

Answer 29

play a role in packing DNA, dilute acid soluble basic proteins, insoluble in water

Question 30

Characteristics of proteins - Metalloproteins

Answer 30

protein metal-binding sites are responsible for catalyzing photosynthesis, water oxidation, respiration, molecular oxygen reduction and nitrogen fixation

Question 31

Characteristics of prokaryotic cells

Answer 31

(bacteria and archea) no membrane bound organelles no nucleus naked DNA

Question 32

Characteristics of eukaryotic cells

Answer 32

(animal cell, plant cell, fungi, protists) have a nucleus have proteins attached to DNA have embrane bound to organelles

Question 33

Function of cell membranes

Answer 33

contolles what enters and leaves the cell

Question 34

Role of nucleus

Answer 34

region of DNA

Question 35

Role of mitochondria

Answer 35

produce ATP

Question 36

Role of chloroplast

Answer 36

part of photosynthesis

Question 37

Role of vacuole

Answer 37

give strength to the plant to stand up against gravitation, also used for storage

Question 38

Role of endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

Answer 38

a site of protein synthesis

Question 39

Role of cytoskeleton

Answer 39

it is a network of fibers composed of proteins contained within a cell´s cytoplasm. -it gives the shape and mechanical resistance to deformation

Question 40

Cell movement?

Answer 40

- Protein pumps and channels for active transport - endocytosis - exosytosis: phagocytosis (solids), pinocytosis (liquids)