IV. Diversity of living organisms Flashcards

Question

Different nutrition ways in protista?

Answer 1

-Photosynthetic autotrophs make their own food using energy from light to power complex chemical reactions to make glucose. Chemosynthetic autotrophs do the same thing using energy obtained from the breakdown of chemicals. -Heterotrophs require food as they cannot make their own. Heterotrophs by ingestion eat by consuming food; taking it into their bodies to be digested by enzymes. Nutrients are then released from within the body. Heterotrophs by absorption eat by secreting digestive enzymes outside of their bodies, then absorbing the nutrients into their bodies. There are 4 groupings: •Photosynthetic autotroph •Chemosynthetic autotroph •Heterotroph by ingestion •Heterotroph by absorption

Answer 2

The brown algae, it is photosynthetic, contains chlorophyll, produces tannin (protein → organic) (producers)

Answer 3

Red algae, lack chloroplast, sexual reproduction, secrete calcium carbonate (producers)

Answer 4

Green algae, photosynthetic, contain chlorophyll, produces starch (producers)

Answer 5

(producers) researchers have suggested that the biogenic silica in diatom cell walls acts as an effective pH buffering agent, facilitating the conversion of bicarbonate to dissolved CO2

Answer 6

Malaria is an infectious disease of tropical countries. It is spread by mosquitoes. It is manifested by fever along with chills and rigors. It is caused by a type of parasite known as Plasmodium.

Answer 7

It is a very common sexually transmitted disease (STD) that is caused by infection with a protozoan parasite called Trichomonas vaginalis. Although symptoms of the disease vary, most women and men who have the parasite cannot tell they are infected.

Answer 8

It is an intestinal disorder characterized by abdominal discomfort and prolonged, intermittent diarrhea, caused by the protozoan Giardia lamblia and contracted by drinking untreated water, as of streams or ponds, contaminated with the feces of infected animals.

Answer 9

a parasitic disease caused by the protozoan Toxoplasma gondii. The parasite infects most related of warm-blooded animals, including humans, but the primary host is the cat. Animals are infected by eating infected meat, by ingestion of feces of a cat that has itself recently been infected, and by transmission from mother to fetus.

Answer 10

caused by the protozoan Entamoeba histolytica. Amoebiasis is often asymptomatic but may cause dysentery and invasive extra-intestinal disease. It causes liver damage.

Answer 11

the growing or turning of an organism in response to a unidirectional light source.

Answer 12

the growth of a living organism in response to gravity, as the downwards growth of plant roots

Answer 13

growth curvature towards the ground

Answer 14

a nasty movement, such as the closing of petals, that occurs in response to the alteration of day and night

Answer 15

Giberline – the hormone is activated when the seed swells and the seed code bursts due to water entering by osmosis. Giberline then activates the gene that codes for amylase Auxins – plant hormones that are produced by the tip of the shoot and mediate phototropism, it makes the cells enlarge or grow (it is killed by light) Abscisic acid – causes the closing of stomata (prevents transpiration)

Answer 16

Photoperiodism is the response of plants and animals by behaviour, growth etc. to photoperiods (daylight) Plants can measure the day-length of a pigment which is found in leaves: Phytochrome; can be active (Pfr) or inactive (Pr) Active (Pfr) - stimulates blooming in long day plants - inhibits blooming in short day plants ``` Short nights (long days): enough Pfr is left for long day plants to bloom Long nights (short days): enough Pfr has been converted to Pr to allow short day plants to bloom. ```

Answer 17

- Differ from bacteria: has membrane bound organelles and nucleus - Differ from plants: fungi haploid cells, plants contain cellulose and pectin, plants are autotrophic

Answer 18

- Micorrhiza is a symbiotic association between a fungus and the roots of a vascular plant (helps to share resources) - Lichen symbiosis involving fungi and unicellular algae. The fungi obtain carbohydrates from the algae, which are photosynthetic and contribute the green color to the lichen thallus. - Attine ants and cultivated fungi. These insects cut pieces of plant tissue which they carry to underground nests and feed to cultivated basidiomycetes. The ants then feed on the fungi. When winged female ants disperse to found new nests they carry the fungal inoculum with them.

Answer 19

They are symbiotic because they associate between two or more entirely different microorganisms.  A fungus  A green alga or a cyanobacterium

Answer 20

Lichens are pollution indicator Lichens absorb water and minerals from rainwater and directly from the atmosphere, over their entire surface area. This makes them extremely sensitive to atmospheric pollution. As a result, there are usually very few lichens around industrial centers and towns. Different lichen species vary in their tolerance to pollution and therefore make very good biological indicators of levels of atmospheric pollution.

Answer 21

-Involved in the production of medicine (antibiotic) Extremely useful for biotech (for establish metabolic pathways) -Metabolites formed along the metabolic pathway may also be biologically active and so can be released in the environment -Extremely useful for biotech (for establish metabolic pathways)

Answer 22

- the target compound may only be expressed under specific conditions, or at a specific point in the life cycle of the fungus - single isolates of fungi in manufacture may lose their capacity to form or release the target molecules

Answer 23

- Not symmetrical - Lack tissues and organs - Collection of cells of different types organized into pores - Canals and chambers

Answer 24

- they reproduce by sexual and asexual reproduction - they have no organs so their waist product, ammonia, is washed away with water - most sponges prefer to live on hard rocks, plants or logs - they are filter feeders (nutrition) - many have algae symbiotic, which makes them green- these supply organic carbon and oxygen to host sponge, sponge supplies habitat and carbon dioxide to algae

Answer 25

2 cell layers, lack tissues and organs, collection of cells of different types organized into pores, canals and chambers (jellyfish and sea anemones)

Answer 26

Flat and unsegmented bodies, bilaterally symmetric, simple heads, mouth nut no anus

Answer 27

Symmetrical, mouth and anus, round bodies

Answer 28

Segmented body, bilaterally symmetric, bristles, mouth and anus (segmented worms)

Answer 29

Segmented, bilaterally symmetric, hard and chitinous exoskeleton, jointed appendages (crabs, spiders, scorpions, insects)

Answer 30

Soft, flexible body with no obvious segmentation, head, muscular foot and visceral hump, many with a single or double shell (snails, squids)

Answer 31

Radial symmetric, several arms radiated from central body, segmented body, have organs, mouth and anus, vascular system, (sea cucumber, feather stars)

Answer 32

Parasitic flatworms feed on blood, tissue fluids, or pieces of cells inside the bodies of their hosts. They live inside the intestines of their hosts and feed by latching onto the intestinal wall with hooks and/or suckers and absorbing the food that passes by- food that has already been broken down by the host's digestive enzymes. Flatworms lack the circulatory or respiratory system and no digestive system. Parasitic flatworms do not reproduce asexually, but instead often have complicated life cycles.

Answer 33

Parasitic roundworms affect almost every kind of plant and animal. All roundworms have a long tube-shaped digestive tract with openings at both ends. Like flatworms, roundworms breathe and excrete their metabolic waste through their body walls. They have no internal transport system and thus depend on diffusion to carry nutrients and wastes through their body. Roundworms have simple nervous systems, but lack a brain. Roundworms reproduce sexually.

Answer 34

-Modern arthropods are: insects, spiders, shrimps -All arthropods are the descendents of a single common ancestor. -Arthropod characteristics:  Segmented body  Hard exoskeleton  Jointed legs  Many pairs of limbs  Bilateral symmetric -What made arthropods successful?  They include large number of spices  The spices inhabit many different kinds of habitat  The spices eat many kinds of food  The spices are good at defending themselves from their enemies

Answer 35

- Has 3 stages: egg, nymph and adult - Egg: A female insect lays eggs. These eggs are often covered by an egg case which protects the eggs and holds them together. - Nymph: The eggs hatch into nymphs. Nymphs looks like small adults, but usually don't have wings. Insect nymphs eat the same food that the adult insect eats. Nymphs shed or molt their exoskeletons (outer casings made up of a hard substance called chitin) and replace them with larger ones several times as they grow. Most nymphs molt 4-8 times. - Adult: The insects stop molting when they reach their adult size. By this time, they have also grown wings

Answer 36

- Has 4 stages: egg, larva, pupa and adult - Egg: the female lays egg - Larva: Larva hatch from the eggs. They do not look like adult insects. They usually have a worm-like shape. Caterpillars, maggots, and grubs are all just the larval stages of insects. Larvae molt their skin several times and they grow slightly larger. - Pupa: Larva make cocoons around themselves. Larva don't eat while they're inside their cocoons. Their bodies develop into an adult shape with wings, legs, internal organs, etc. This change takes anywhere from 4 days to many months. - Adult: Inside the cocoon, the larvae change into adults. After a period of time, the adult breaks out of the cocoon.

Answer 37

breathe using gills, external fertilization (egg meets sperm in the water), The body is covered in scales and has fins attached to help it move through the water

Answer 38

The skin is very thin and must always be kept wet because amphibians breathe through their skin, have lungs but are not used much, external fertilization, they slowly change into adult which lives on land (near water) e.g. frogs

Answer 39

Body covered in hard scales, they live on land but can swim, they breath using lungs, internal fertilization, females lay eggs in the sand (buried) e.g. crocodile, turtle

Answer 40

Body covered with feathers, they do not have teeth but use their breaks, front limbs are adapted as wings (although not all birds fly), they breath using lungs, internal fertilization, lays eggs in a nest until it hatches

Answer 41

Body covered with hair or fur, breath using lungs, internal fertilization, produce milk to feed their young (female), the offspring are kept inside the female's body and feed through a placenta

Answer 42

- Keep the ecosystem in balance | - Keep the number of individuals balanced (food chain and food web)

Answer 43

provide food, clothes

Answer 44

``` (Domain) Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species ```

Answer 45

classification of organisms based on their assumed evolutionary histories and relationships (ansestors)

Answer 46

the classification of organisms in an ordered system that indicates natural relationships (dividion into ordered groups or categories - characteristics)

Answer 47

The adaptation that the land plants is the structures for dry wet environments: Sporangium in which the spores are formed Gametangium that produces haploid cells Apical meristem tissue in roots and shoots Also the evolution of a waxy cuticle and a cell wall with lignin also contributed to the success of land plants

Answer 48

they can dry out to brown when there is no rain, as soon as there is rain they absorb the water and restore their healthy green appearance. They have stomata for gas exchange, their leaf like structure called phyllids, and root like structure tissue that absorbs water and nutrients from the soil. The antheridium is a sac that produces male gametes, and archegonium for female sexual organ. Mosses can help to secure the soil by absorbing water to prevent erosion.

Answer 49

they thrive in damp and cool places; later these plants moved from moist environment and developed resistance to desiccation, where they can minimize the loss of water and can survive in extremely dry environment. They have spores for sexual reproduction and spore cases called sporangia, and prothallia contain the male sperm. They spread by rhizomes, they are stems that produce leafs (fronds) and roots.

Answer 50

the shoot of this plant is brown stem with a cone like structure at the top. When the plant dries out, the silica crystals form within the stems. The silica forms collagen, this plant has been used for medical purposes for treatment of eye infections and kidney disorders, and now as treatment for osteoporosis. They can produce asexual and sexual reproduction, some produce from rhizomes. Females produce spores and males sperms. They have no leaves.

Answer 51

it is well adapted to wetland conditions; they have microphylls (leaves) kind of lead evolved independently from the leaves of other vascular plants and has single vein, and megaphylls found in plants with leaves have multiple veins. They are similar to higher vascular plants (angiosperms) having vascular tissue and true leaves, stems and roots. They do not produce seeds, requires water for the sperm to swim to the egg unlike in higher plants.

Answer 52

woody vascular seed plants that produce seeds not encased, they do not need water for pollen transfer, don’t produce flowers or fruits, and are pollinated by the wind. Male cones made up of microsporophylls and female cones made up of megasporophylls. They have stomata and thick cuticle, the xylem is without vessels and phloem lacks companion cells.

Answer 53

they have the ability to flower, and flowers serve as the reproductive organs for the plant, they have small pollen grains and this helps the reproduction to happen quicker. They have stamens which is the reproductive structures that produce pollen grains and carry male genetic to female pollen grains. They have carpel which encloses developing seed and may turn into fruit. Also they produce endosperm which is material that forms after fertilization and serves as a nutritional food source for the developing seed.

Answer 54

Food: almost everything we eat comes directly from plants Water: plants regulate water cycle, they distribute planet’s water, and help move water from soil to atmosphere by transpiration Medicine: less than half of all drugs come directly from or are derivative of plants. Also some people rely on plants for primary health care. Air: oxygen is brought by plants as product of photosynthesis. Habitat: plants make up the backbone of all habitats; other species of fish and wildlife depend on plants for food. Climate: plants store carbon and help to keep much of the CO2 which is produced from burning of fossil fuels.

Answer 55

is one of the three main types of ground tissue of non-woody structures. Parenchyma cells make up the bulk of the soft parts of plants.

Answer 56

cellular plant tissue from which phloem and xylem grows by division, resulting (in woody plants) in secondary thickening.

Answer 57

the vascular tissue in plants which conducts sugars and other metabolic products downwards from the leaves.

Answer 58

the vascular tissue in plants which conducts water and dissolved nutrients upwards from the root and also helps to form the woody element in the stem.

Answer 59

there are two types of roots, the aerial and storage roots. The aerial roots give structural support and grow above the ground such as banyan tree. Storage roots are modified for food storage such as carrots.

Answer 60

thickened, underground stem of a plant, usually containing stored starch such as potato. Different species have modified stems suited to a particular habitat.

Answer 61

leaves can serve other functions other than photosynthesis. In tendrils in peas the terminal leaflet of the leaf has become modified into a tendril for climbing.

Answer 62

The uptake of ions by hydrostatic pressure gradient •Water taken up into the root by osmosis which creates negative hydrostatic pressure in the soil •Minerals form hydrogen bonds with water molecules are dragged into the root

Answer 63

6CO2 + 6H2O + nutrients------>C6H12O6 + 6O2

Answer 64

contains female reproductive cell, consists of three parts, integuments the outer layer, nucellus, and female gametphyte formed from haploid. It produces the egg cell for fertilization, and the ovule develops into seed.

Answer 65

they are structures that contain young plant inside a protective coating. It has three parts embryo, stored food and seed coat. All seed plants have vascular tissue (phloem and xylem) and seeds to reproduce.

Answer 66

It is a form of asexual reproduction in plants, which multicellular structures become detached from the parent plant and develop into new individuals that are genetically identical to parent plant. It is a process by which new organisms arise without production of seeds or spores. It can occur naturally or artificially. The natural vegetative propagation involves structural medication of stem, leaf, or root that contributes to vegetative reproduction of plant. Whereas, artificial vegetative propagation is the enhancements of natural processes, a piece of stem from mother plant that is treated with rooting liquid or powder containing hormones, sometimes root cuttings can produce shoot growth. When the cutting is sufficient it is genetically identical to mother plant. Example of vegetative reproduction, mosses and bulbs.