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Entrance examination Silesia > IV. Diversity of living organisms > Flashcards

IV. Diversity of living organisms Flashcards

1
Q

What are the basic elements of a virus?

A

All viruses contain:

  1. nucleic acid genome
  2. protein capsid (membrane that protects the genome)
  3. lipid envelope
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2
Q

Flue (pathway and prevention)

A

Pathway: Can mutate fast which cause a variety of viruses. During the infection the virus inhibits the synthesis of cellular proteins (enzymes) to their own benefit (increase in number). It can be transmitted by direct transmission (sneeze), inhalation or from contaminated surfaces/personal contact.

Prevention: Keep distance from people, Good personal health and hygiene habits (washing your hands), Clean with alcohol

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3
Q

Measles (pathway and prevention)

A

Pathway: Infection of the respiratory system, immune system and skin, caused by a virus. It is spread though respiration (with contacts with fluids from mouth or nose)

Prevention: Vaccination

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4
Q

Chickenpox (pathway and prevention)

A

Pathway: An infection caused by a virus. It can easily spread by sneezing or direct contact.

Prevention: vaccination and isolating people

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5
Q

AIDS (pathway and prevention)

A

Pathway: Transmitted via body fluids (blood). It prevents the helper-t cells from working so that the immune response weakens

Prevention: Used protection (condoms), Watch out for needles from drug users

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6
Q

Hepatitis (pathway and prevention)

A

Pathway: It is the inflammation of the liver. It is transmitted by sex.

Prevention: Vaccination

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7
Q

Rabies (pathway and prevention)

A

Pathway: It is a viral disease causes acute inflammation of the brain in humans and warm-blooded animals. It can be transmitted via scratches or bites from animals (saliva)

Prevention: Vaccines of pets, Keep pets under supervision. Not handling wild animals

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8
Q

Rubella (pathway and prevention)

A

Pathway: It is caused by the rubella virus. It is transmitted via air.

Prevention: Vaccines

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9
Q

Mumps (pathway and prevention)

A

Pathway: It is caused by the mumps virus. It is transmitted via respiratory secretions, saliva.

Prevention: Vaccines

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10
Q

Polio (pathway and prevention)

A

Pathway: It is caused by poliovirus. It is usually spread from person to person through infected feces entering the mouth. It can also be transmitted by food or water containing human feces.

Prevention: Vaccines

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11
Q

Structure of Bacteria?

A
  • Flagellum
  • Cytoplasm
  • Ribosomes
  • Pili
  • Cell wall
  • Cell membrane
  • Nucleoid
  • Plasmid
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12
Q

Mobility of bacteria?

A

Rapid rotational movements of the flagellum

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13
Q

How does the bacterium get Nutrition (phototropism, chemotropism and heterotropism)

A

Phototropism – (autotrophic bacteria) manufacture their own food of photosynthesis e.g. cyanobacteria

Chemotropism – (autotrophic bacteria) manufacture their own food

Heterotropism – living off other organisms e.g. saprobes (bacteria that live off dead organic matter)

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14
Q

Transmission of genetic material in conjugation process?

A
  • Conjugation is the process where the genetic material (plasmids) are transferred between bacteria cells by direct cell-to-cell contact (pili). It is a way of sexual reproduction.
  • The genetic information transferred is often beneficial to the recipient. Benefits may include antibiotic resistance, xenobiotic tolerance or the ability to use new metabolites.
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15
Q

Role of bacteria in human life?

A
  • Produce vitamin K in our intestines
  • Can kill (destroy red blood cells, interfere with normal metabolic pathways)
  • Used to make yogurt, buttermilk and cheese
  • Food poisoning
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16
Q

Role of bacteria in the natural world?

A
  • Decomposers (recycle nitrogen)

- Used in soil it can increase the productivity, growth and health of plants

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17
Q

Tuberculosis? (bacterial disease)

A

Affects the lungs, only active TB cause the symptoms so if the immune system is good you won´t get it, Tuberculosis is treatable with a six-month course of antibiotics.

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18
Q

Dysentry? (bacterial disease)

A

an intestinal inflammation, especially in the colon, that can lead to severe diarrhea with mucus or blood in the feces. Patients typically experience mild to severe abdominal pain or stomach cramps. In some cases, untreated dysentery can be life-threatening, especially if the infected person cannot replace lost fluids fast enough.

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19
Q

Typhoid? (bacterial disease)

A

Typhoid fever is a bacterial infection that can spread throughout the body, affecting many organs. Without prompt treatment, it can cause serious complications and can be fatal, cause salmonella food poisoning.

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20
Q

Cholera? (bacterial disease)

A

Cholera is an acute, diarrheal illness caused by infection of the intestine, infected persons will have severe disease characterized by profuse watery diarrhea, vomiting, and leg cramps. In these people, rapid loss of body fluids leads to dehydration and shock. Without treatment, death can occur within hours.

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21
Q

Anthrax? (bacterial disease)

A

Anthrax is a life-threatening infectious disease that normally affects animals, especially ruminants (such as goats, cattle, sheep, and horses). Anthrax can be transmitted to humans by contact with infected animals or their products. It can be treated with antibiotics. It causes, skin, lung and bowl diseases and can be deadly.

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22
Q

Tetanus? (bacterial disease)

A

Signs and symptoms of tetanus may appear anytime from a few days to several weeks after tetanus bacteria enter your body through a wound. Symptoms; fever, rapid heart rate, difficulty swallowing etc.

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23
Q

Lyme disease? (bacterial disease)

A

bacterial infection transmitted by a tick. Early symptoms may include fever, headache, and fatigue. The rash is rarely painful or itchy, although it may be warm to the touch. Left untreated, later symptoms may involve the joints, heart, and central nervous system.

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24
Q

Movement of unicellular protista?

A
  • Cilia
  • flagella
  • pseudopodia
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25
Q

Different nutrition ways in protista?

A

-Photosynthetic autotrophs make their own food using energy from light to power complex chemical reactions to make glucose. Chemosynthetic autotrophs do the same thing using energy obtained from the breakdown of chemicals.
-Heterotrophs require food as they cannot make their own. Heterotrophs by ingestion eat by consuming food; taking it into their bodies to be digested by enzymes. Nutrients are then released from within the body. Heterotrophs by absorption eat by secreting digestive enzymes outside of their bodies, then absorbing the nutrients into their bodies.
There are 4 groupings:
•Photosynthetic autotroph
•Chemosynthetic autotroph
•Heterotroph by ingestion
•Heterotroph by absorption

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26
Q

Phaeophyta (algae group) - producers of organic matter

A

The brown algae, it is photosynthetic, contains chlorophyll, produces tannin (protein → organic) (producers)

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27
Q

Rhodophyta (algae group) - producers of organic matter

A

Red algae, lack chloroplast, sexual reproduction, secrete calcium carbonate (producers)

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28
Q

Chlorophyta (algae group) - producers of organic matter

A

Green algae, photosynthetic, contain chlorophyll, produces starch (producers)

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29
Q

Diatoms (algae group) - producers of organic matter

A

(producers) researchers have suggested that the biogenic silica in diatom cell walls acts as an effective pH buffering agent, facilitating the conversion of bicarbonate to dissolved CO2

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30
Q

Malaria (protista disease)

A

Malaria is an infectious disease of tropical countries. It is spread by mosquitoes. It is manifested by fever along with chills and rigors. It is caused by a type of parasite known as Plasmodium.

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31
Q

Trichomoniasis (protista disease)

A

It is a very common sexually transmitted disease (STD) that is caused by infection with a protozoan parasite called Trichomonas vaginalis. Although symptoms of the disease vary, most women and men who have the parasite cannot tell they are infected.

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32
Q

Giardiasis (protista disease)

A

It is an intestinal disorder characterized by abdominal discomfort and prolonged, intermittent diarrhea, caused by the protozoan Giardia lamblia and contracted by drinking untreated water, as of streams or ponds, contaminated with the feces of infected animals.

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33
Q

Toxoplasmosis (protista disease)

A

a parasitic disease caused by the protozoan Toxoplasma gondii. The parasite infects most related of warm-blooded animals, including humans, but the primary host is the cat. Animals are infected by eating infected meat, by ingestion of feces of a cat that has itself recently been infected, and by transmission from mother to fetus.

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34
Q

Amoebiasis (protista disease)

A

caused by the protozoan Entamoeba histolytica. Amoebiasis is often asymptomatic but may cause dysentery and invasive extra-intestinal disease. It causes liver damage.

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35
Q

Phototropism (plant)

A

the growing or turning of an organism in response to a unidirectional light source.

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36
Q

Geotropism (plant)

A

the growth of a living organism in response to gravity, as the downwards growth of plant roots

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37
Q

Geonasty (plant)

A

growth curvature towards the ground

38
Q

Nyctinasty (plant)

A

a nasty movement, such as the closing of petals, that occurs in response to the alteration of day and night

39
Q

Plant hormones?

A

Giberline – the hormone is activated when the seed swells and the seed code bursts due to water entering by osmosis. Giberline then activates the gene that codes for amylase

Auxins – plant hormones that are produced by the tip of the shoot and mediate phototropism, it makes the cells enlarge or grow (it is killed by light)

Abscisic acid – causes the closing of stomata (prevents transpiration)

40
Q

Photoperiodism (plant)

A

Photoperiodism is the response of plants and animals by behaviour, growth etc. to photoperiods (daylight)
Plants can measure the day-length of a pigment which is found in leaves:
Phytochrome; can be active (Pfr) or inactive (Pr)

Active (Pfr)

  • stimulates blooming in long day plants
  • inhibits blooming in short day plants
Short nights (long days): enough Pfr is left for long day plants to bloom
Long nights (short days): enough Pfr has been converted to Pr to allow short day plants to bloom.
41
Q

Basic characteristic of fungi differentiating them from other organism?

A
  • Differ from bacteria: has membrane bound organelles and nucleus
  • Differ from plants: fungi haploid cells, plants contain cellulose and pectin, plants are autotrophic
42
Q

Symbiotic connections of fungi?

A
  • Micorrhiza is a symbiotic association between a fungus and the roots of a vascular plant (helps to share resources)
  • Lichen symbiosis involving fungi and unicellular algae. The fungi obtain carbohydrates from the algae, which are photosynthetic and contribute the green color to the lichen thallus.
  • Attine ants and cultivated fungi. These insects cut pieces of plant tissue which they carry to underground nests and feed to cultivated basidiomycetes. The ants then feed on the fungi. When winged female ants disperse to found new nests they carry the fungal inoculum with them.
43
Q

Lichens as example of symbiosis organism

A

They are symbiotic because they associate between two or more entirely different microorganisms.
 A fungus
 A green alga or a cyanobacterium

44
Q

Liches as example of indicator organism

A

Lichens are pollution indicator Lichens absorb water and minerals from rainwater and directly from the atmosphere, over their entire surface area. This makes them extremely sensitive to atmospheric pollution. As a result, there are usually very few lichens around industrial centers and towns. Different lichen species vary in their tolerance to pollution and therefore make very good biological indicators of levels of atmospheric pollution.

45
Q

POSITIVE role of fungi in industries?

A

-Involved in the production of medicine (antibiotic)
Extremely useful for biotech (for establish metabolic pathways)
-Metabolites formed along the metabolic pathway may also be biologically active and so can be released in the environment
-Extremely useful for biotech (for establish metabolic pathways)

46
Q

NEGATIVE role of fungi in industries?

A
  • the target compound may only be expressed under specific conditions, or at a specific point in the life cycle of the fungus
  • single isolates of fungi in manufacture may lose their capacity to form or release the target molecules
47
Q

Structure of sponges?

A
  • Not symmetrical
  • Lack tissues and organs
  • Collection of cells of different types organized into pores
  • Canals and chambers
48
Q

Lifestyle of sponges?

A
  • they reproduce by sexual and asexual reproduction
  • they have no organs so their waist product, ammonia, is washed away with water
  • most sponges prefer to live on hard rocks, plants or logs
  • they are filter feeders (nutrition)
  • many have algae symbiotic, which makes them green- these supply organic carbon and oxygen to host sponge, sponge supplies habitat and carbon dioxide to algae
49
Q

characteristics of invertibrates - Cnidaria

A

2 cell layers, lack tissues and organs, collection of cells of different types organized into pores, canals and chambers (jellyfish and sea anemones)

50
Q

characteristics of invertibrates - Flatworm

A

Flat and unsegmented bodies, bilaterally symmetric, simple heads, mouth nut no anus

51
Q

characteristics of invertibrates - Roundworm

A

Symmetrical, mouth and anus, round bodies

52
Q

characteristics of invertibrates - Annelids

A

Segmented body, bilaterally symmetric, bristles, mouth and anus (segmented worms)

53
Q

characteristics of invertibrates - Arthropods

A

Segmented, bilaterally symmetric, hard and chitinous exoskeleton, jointed appendages (crabs, spiders, scorpions, insects)

54
Q

characteristics of invertibrates - Mollusks

A

Soft, flexible body with no obvious segmentation, head, muscular foot and visceral hump, many with a single or double shell (snails, squids)

55
Q

characteristics of invertibrates - Echinoderms

A

Radial symmetric, several arms radiated from central body, segmented body, have organs, mouth and anus, vascular system, (sea cucumber, feather stars)

56
Q

Life cycle flatworm

A

Parasitic flatworms feed on blood, tissue fluids, or pieces of cells inside the bodies of their hosts. They live inside the intestines of their hosts and feed by latching onto the intestinal wall with hooks and/or suckers and absorbing the food that passes by- food that has already been broken down by the host’s digestive enzymes. Flatworms lack the circulatory or respiratory system and no digestive system. Parasitic flatworms do not reproduce asexually, but instead often have complicated life cycles.

57
Q

Life cycle roundworm

A

Parasitic roundworms affect almost every kind of plant and animal. All roundworms have a long tube-shaped digestive tract with openings at both ends. Like flatworms, roundworms breathe and excrete their metabolic waste through their body walls. They have no internal transport system and thus depend on diffusion to carry nutrients and wastes through their body. Roundworms have simple nervous systems, but lack a brain. Roundworms reproduce sexually.

58
Q

Arthropods and their evolutionary sucess

A

-Modern arthropods are: insects, spiders, shrimps
-All arthropods are the descendents of a single common ancestor.
-Arthropod characteristics:
 Segmented body
 Hard exoskeleton
 Jointed legs
 Many pairs of limbs
 Bilateral symmetric
-What made arthropods successful?
 They include large number of spices
 The spices inhabit many different kinds of habitat
 The spices eat many kinds of food
 The spices are good at defending themselves from their enemies

59
Q

Incompleate metamorphism of insects

A
  • Has 3 stages: egg, nymph and adult
  • Egg: A female insect lays eggs. These eggs are often covered by an egg case which protects the eggs and holds them together.
  • Nymph: The eggs hatch into nymphs. Nymphs looks like small adults, but usually don’t have wings. Insect nymphs eat the same food that the adult insect eats. Nymphs shed or molt their exoskeletons (outer casings made up of a hard substance called chitin) and replace them with larger ones several times as they grow. Most nymphs molt 4-8 times.
  • Adult: The insects stop molting when they reach their adult size. By this time, they have also grown wings
60
Q

Compleate metamorphism of insects

A
  • Has 4 stages: egg, larva, pupa and adult
  • Egg: the female lays egg
  • Larva: Larva hatch from the eggs. They do not look like adult insects. They usually have a worm-like shape. Caterpillars, maggots, and grubs are all just the larval stages of insects. Larvae molt their skin several times and they grow slightly larger.
  • Pupa: Larva make cocoons around themselves. Larva don’t eat while they’re inside their cocoons. Their bodies develop into an adult shape with wings, legs, internal organs, etc. This change takes anywhere from 4 days to many months.
  • Adult: Inside the cocoon, the larvae change into adults. After a period of time, the adult breaks out of the cocoon.
61
Q

Characteristics of vertibrates - Fish

A

breathe using gills, external fertilization (egg meets sperm in the water), The body is covered in scales and has fins attached to help it move through the water

62
Q

Characteristics of vertibrates - Amphibians

A

The skin is very thin and must always be kept wet because amphibians breathe through their skin, have lungs but are not used much, external fertilization, they slowly change into adult which lives on land (near water) e.g. frogs

63
Q

Characteristics of vertibrates - Reptiles

A

Body covered in hard scales, they live on land but can swim, they breath using lungs, internal fertilization, females lay eggs in the sand (buried) e.g. crocodile, turtle

64
Q

Characteristics of vertibrates - Birds

A

Body covered with feathers, they do not have teeth but use their breaks, front limbs are adapted as wings (although not all birds fly), they breath using lungs, internal fertilization, lays eggs in a nest until it hatches

65
Q

Characteristics of vertibrates - Mammals

A

Body covered with hair or fur, breath using lungs, internal fertilization, produce milk to feed their young (female), the offspring are kept inside the female’s body and feed through a placenta

66
Q

Role of vertibrades in natural world

A
  • Keep the ecosystem in balance

- Keep the number of individuals balanced (food chain and food web)

67
Q

Role of vertibrates in human life

A

provide food, clothes

68
Q

state the taxonomic ranks (from the largest to the smallest)

A 
(Domain)
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
69
Q

What is polygentic classification?

A

classification of organisms based on their assumed evolutionary histories and relationships (ansestors)

70
Q

What is Taxonomic classification?

A

the classification of organisms in an ordered system that indicates natural relationships (dividion into ordered groups or categories - characteristics)

71
Q

Characteristics of land plants enabling their life on land

A

The adaptation that the land plants is the structures for dry wet environments:
Sporangium in which the spores are formed
Gametangium that produces haploid cells
Apical meristem tissue in roots and shoots
Also the evolution of a waxy cuticle and a cell wall with lignin also contributed to the success of land plants

72
Q

Characcteristics of major plant groups - mosses

A

they can dry out to brown when there is no rain, as soon as there is rain they absorb the water and restore their healthy green appearance. They have stomata for gas exchange, their leaf like structure called phyllids, and root like structure tissue that absorbs water and nutrients from the soil. The antheridium is a sac that produces male gametes, and archegonium for female sexual organ. Mosses can help to secure the soil by absorbing water to prevent erosion.

73
Q

Characcteristics of major plant groups - ferns

A

they thrive in damp and cool places; later these plants moved from moist environment and developed resistance to desiccation, where they can minimize the loss of water and can survive in extremely dry environment.
They have spores for sexual reproduction and spore cases called sporangia, and prothallia contain the male sperm. They spread by rhizomes, they are stems that produce leafs (fronds) and roots.

74
Q

Characcteristics of major plant groups - horsetails

A

the shoot of this plant is brown stem with a cone like structure at the top. When the plant dries out, the silica crystals form within the stems. The silica forms collagen, this plant has been used for medical purposes for treatment of eye infections and kidney disorders, and now as treatment for osteoporosis. They can produce asexual and sexual reproduction, some produce from rhizomes. Females produce spores and males sperms. They have no leaves.

75
Q

Characcteristics of major plant groups - lycopods

A

it is well adapted to wetland conditions; they have microphylls (leaves) kind of lead evolved independently from the leaves of other vascular plants and has single vein, and megaphylls found in plants with leaves have multiple veins. They are similar to higher vascular plants (angiosperms) having vascular tissue and true leaves, stems and roots. They do not produce seeds, requires water for the sperm to swim to the egg unlike in higher plants.

76
Q

Characcteristics of major plant groups - gymnosperms

A

woody vascular seed plants that produce seeds not encased, they do not need water for pollen transfer, don’t produce flowers or fruits, and are pollinated by the wind. Male cones made up of microsporophylls and female cones made up of megasporophylls. They have stomata and thick cuticle, the xylem is without vessels and phloem lacks companion cells.

77
Q

Characcteristics of major plant groups - angiosperms

A

they have the ability to flower, and flowers serve as the reproductive organs for the plant, they have small pollen grains and this helps the reproduction to happen quicker. They have stamens which is the reproductive structures that produce pollen grains and carry male genetic to female pollen grains. They have carpel which encloses developing seed and may turn into fruit. Also they produce endosperm which is material that forms after fertilization and serves as a nutritional food source for the developing seed.

78
Q

Role of plants in human life

A

Food: almost everything we eat comes directly from plants
Water: plants regulate water cycle, they distribute planet’s water, and help move water from soil to atmosphere by transpiration
Medicine: less than half of all drugs come directly from or are derivative of plants. Also some people rely on plants for primary health care.
Air: oxygen is brought by plants as product of photosynthesis.
Habitat: plants make up the backbone of all habitats; other species of fish and wildlife depend on plants for food.
Climate: plants store carbon and help to keep much of the CO2 which is produced from burning of fossil fuels.

79
Q

Major plant tissues - parenchyma

A

is one of the three main types of ground tissue of non-woody structures. Parenchyma cells make up the bulk of the soft parts of plants.

80
Q

Major plant tissues - cambium

A

cellular plant tissue from which phloem and xylem grows by division, resulting (in woody plants) in secondary thickening.

81
Q

Major plant tissues - phloem

A

the vascular tissue in plants which conducts sugars and other metabolic products downwards from the leaves.

82
Q

Major plant tissues - xylem

A

the vascular tissue in plants which conducts water and dissolved nutrients upwards from the root and also helps to form the woody element in the stem.

83
Q

Plant organs and their modification - root

A

there are two types of roots, the aerial and storage roots. The aerial roots give structural support and grow above the ground such as banyan tree. Storage roots are modified for food storage such as carrots.

84
Q

Plant organs and their modification - stem

A

thickened, underground stem of a plant, usually containing stored starch such as potato. Different species have modified stems suited to a particular habitat.

85
Q

Plant organs and their modification - leaves

A

leaves can serve other functions other than photosynthesis. In tendrils in peas the terminal leaflet of the leaf has become modified into a tendril for climbing.

86
Q

What is massflow?

A

The uptake of ions by hydrostatic pressure gradient
•Water taken up into the root by osmosis which creates negative hydrostatic pressure in the soil
•Minerals form hydrogen bonds with water molecules are dragged into the root

87
Q

Routes of photosynthesis

A

6CO2 + 6H2O + nutrients——>C6H12O6 + 6O2

88
Q

Basic characteristics of ovule

A

contains female reproductive cell, consists of three parts, integuments the outer layer, nucellus, and female gametphyte formed from haploid. It produces the egg cell for fertilization, and the ovule develops into seed.

89
Q

Basic characteristics of seed

A

they are structures that contain young plant inside a protective coating. It has three parts embryo, stored food and seed coat. All seed plants have vascular tissue (phloem and xylem) and seeds to reproduce.

90
Q

Describe vegetative reproduction

A

It is a form of asexual reproduction in plants, which multicellular structures become detached from the parent plant and develop into new individuals that are genetically identical to parent plant. It is a process by which new organisms arise without production of seeds or spores. It can occur naturally or artificially. The natural vegetative propagation involves structural medication of stem, leaf, or root that contributes to vegetative reproduction of plant. Whereas, artificial vegetative propagation is the enhancements of natural processes, a piece of stem from mother plant that is treated with rooting liquid or powder containing hormones, sometimes root cuttings can produce shoot growth. When the cutting is sufficient it is genetically identical to mother plant. Example of vegetative reproduction, mosses and bulbs.

Entrance examination Silesia (22 decks)

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