Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BT_Step1_NTK > Uworld_Pharm > Flashcards

Uworld_Pharm Flashcards

1
Q

What are the absolute contraindications of OCPs?

A
  1. Prior history of Thromboembolic event or stroke
  2. History of an estrogen-dependent tumor.
  3. Over age 35 and heavy Smoker
  4. HyperTG
  5. Decompensated or active liver disease (fucked steroid metabolism)
  6. pregos
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Major contraindication of ACEi (-pril)?

A

Bilateral renal artery stenosis (pt. with diffuse atherosclerosis)

b/c ACEi causes GFR to fall d/t constriction of EFFERENT arteriole.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

MOA of Vincristine?

A

Vina alkaloids (vincristine, vinslastine) inhibit microtubule polyermization by binding to beta-tubulin.

(M-phase specific)
Inhibition of microtubule formation prevents synthesis of the mitotic spindle in dividing cells. Without the mitotic spindle, replicated chromosomes are unable to align and segregate into their respective daughter cells during mitosis. This leads to failure of division and cell death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

ADR of Vincristine?

A

neurotoxic. Finger numbness and tingling.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How do bugs dev resistance to Gentamicin?

A

Aminoglycoside;

  • aminoglycoside-modifying enxymes.
  • mutated ribosomal subunit protein
  • mutated porin proteins.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Impaired influx/increase efflux is a mech of resistance that be be developed to what class of ABX?

A
  • Vancomycin
  • Quinolones
  • Tetracyclines
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are ADRs of the overuse of osmotic diuretics like mannitol?

A
  • volume expansion (worsening pulmonary edema)
  • dilution hyponatremia
  • metabolic acidosis
  • HyperKalemia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the MOA and use of Cholchicine?

A

Colchicine is a second-line agent for treating acute gouty arthritis. It inhibits tubulin polymerization and microtubule formation in leukocytes, reducing neutrophil chemotaxis and emigration to sites inflamed by tissue deposition of monosodium urate crystals.

Gastrointestinal mucosal function is also impaired by microtubule disruption, leading to diarrhea and, less commonly, nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Adenosine is used to Tx?

A

Adenosine is used to Tx paroxymal supraventicular tachycardia (PSVT).

adenosine slows conduction through the AV node by HYPERpolerzing the nodal pacemaker cells and conducting cells.

rapid onset less then 10 seconds.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

ADRs of Adenosine?

A
  • flushing
  • chest burning (d/t bronchospasms)
  • hypotension
  • high-grade AV block
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Lidocaine is used to Tx?

A

Ventricular arrhythmia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

________ is a class III antiarrhythmic and is useful in both supraventricular (atrial, nodal, junctional) and ventricular tachyarrhythmia

A

Amiodarone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

ADR of Aminodarone?

A
  • photodermatitis (blue/grey skin discolaration)
  • pulmonary fibrosis
  • Thyroid issues (hyper or hypo)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Digoxin MOA and ADRs

A

Digoxin slows conduction through the AV node and is also a positive inotrope.

Digoxin/Digitalis causes a well-characterized toxicity; symptoms include fatigue, blurry vision, changes in color perception, nausea and vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, confusion, and delirium.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

MOA of Cromolyn and Nedocromil

A

inhibits mast cell degranulation and prevents the release of preformed chemical mediators.

Use to PREVENT acute asthma attacks. versus treatment.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

MOA and use of Zileuton

A

Zileuton is a selective inhibitor of the lipoxygenase pathway that leads to decreased formation of leukotrienes. Zafirlukast and montelukast are leukotriene D4 receptor antagonists. These agents are typically used for chronic asthma prophylaxis.

17
Q

MOA and use of Omalizumab

A

Anti-IgE antibody, omalizumab, inhibits IgE binding to mast cells, preventing mast cell degranulation. Omalizumab is used in some patients with severe persistent asthma to lower IgE levels and improve allergen-induced bronchial constriction.

18
Q

In addition to BP control and statins, what other drug is used to prevent ischemic stroke? (TIA)

A

low-dose aspirin; low dose inhibits COX-1, preventing platelet synthesis of thromboxane A2, which impairs platelet aggregation and reduces vasoconstriction

19
Q

Drug-induced SLE ~w/ what antibody and type of metabolism?

A

Anti-Histone antibodies

N-acetylation in the liver. (procainaminde, hydralazine, isoniazid)

20
Q

Procainamide, hydralazine, and isoniazid aer metabolized via?

A

Phase II ACETYLATION in the liver.

21
Q

MOA and use of Cholchicine?

A

Tx of acute gouty arthritis

Colchicine works primarily by inhibiting microtubular polymerization. It binds to the tubulin protein that helps form microtubules, preventing their aggregation. This in turn disrupts cytoskeletal-dependent functions such as chemotaxis, phagocytosis, and degranulation. Colchicine also reduces the formation of leukotriene B4. It does not have any effect on the metabolism or urinary excretion of uric acid. Important adverse effects of colchicine are nausea, abdominal pain, and diarrhea. Colchicine should not be used in elderly patients or those with severe renal dysfunction.

22
Q

What drug is used for treatment of acute gouty arthritis in patients who cannot take nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. It inhibits leukocyte migration and phagocytosis by blocking tubulin polymerization.

A

Colchicine

Significant side effects of colchicine include nausea and diarrhea.

23
Q

What diuertic should not be used in pt. with Hereditary Angioedema?

A

Angioedema can be hereditary (autosomal dominant) or acquired (associated with angiotensin-converting enzyme [ACE] inhibitor treatment). In hereditary angioedema, low C1 esterase inhibitor activity leads to increases in bradykinin activity. ACE inhibitors should not be used in these patients.

24
Q

what drug is primarily a venodilator. It decreases preload which decreases myocardial oxygen demand and thereby treats angina pectoris.

A

Nitroglycerin

25
Q

Nitrates mediate venodilation, what is the resultant changes in cardiac physiology?

A

Sublingual nitroglycerin is used for rapid symptom relief in patients with stable angina. The primary anti-ischemic effect of nitrates is mediated by venodilation with a decrease in left ventricular end-diastolic volume and wall stress, resulting in decreased myocardial oxygen demand and relief of angina symptoms.

26
Q

This patient has a classic presentation of chronic stable angina, which is characterized by chest pain that occurs with activity and is relieved with rest or sublingual nitroglycerin. Nitrates exert their effect by direct vascular smooth muscle relaxation that results in:

A
  • Vasodilation of the peripheral veins and arteries, predominantly venodilation.
  • Decreased left ventricular wall stress due to reduced preload (decreased left ventricular end-diastolic volume and pressure)
  • Modest reduction in afterload due to systemic arterial vasodilation
  • Mild coronary artery dilation and reduction of coronary vasospasm
27
Q

What does LMWH bind to?

A

Anti-Thrombin III

28
Q

How does pragnacy affect Thyroid hormones?

A

Pregos = increase estrogen activity (also seen in post-menopausal estrogen replacement therapy)

This increases THYROXINE-BINDING PROTEIN (TBP); leads to an increase in TOTAL THYROID HORMONE.

(Free, biologically active, thyroid hormone is maintained, d/t feedback control)

29
Q

What effects does propranolol have on thyroid hormones?

A

Beta-blockers ameliorate the symptoms of thyrotoxicosis by decreasing the effect of sympathetic adrenergic impulses on target organs. They also decrease the rate of peripheral conversion of T4 to T3.

30
Q

What drug can be used to Tx mild hemophilia A and works by increasing the circulating levels of Factor VIII?

A

Desmopressin

31
Q

What is the axonal reaction?

A

increase protein synthesis that facilitates axon repair.

enlarged, rounded cells with peripherally located nuclei and disperses finely granular Nissl substance can be seen.

32
Q

What process is characterized by atrophy and gradual neuronal loss?

A

Normal aging

33
Q

What neural process is characterized by progressive loss of neurons with associated reactive glial changes?

A

Degenerative disease.

34
Q

Decrease GABA –> what diz?

A

Huntingtons

35
Q

What syndrome presents with progressively worsening, symmetrical, flaccid muscle weakness with absent or decreased reflexes. The abnormalities typically start in the lower extremities and ascend upward over the course of days to weeks.

A

Guillain-Barré

36
Q

What are the Chronic Sx of cervical subluxation?

A

Chronic symptoms of cervical subluxation include neck pain, stiffness, and neurologic findings (eg, sensory loss, muscle weakness). Endotracheal intubation can acutely worsen the subluxation and cause compression of the spinal cord and/or vertebral arteries.

37
Q

What is the effect of Metoprolol on HR, SV, and MAP?

A
  • decrease HR
  • increase SV
  • decrease MAP

β-Blockers have negative chronotropic and inotropic effects on the heart, leading to decreased heart rate and mean arterial pressure.

However, decreased heart rate allows for increased diastolic filling, resulting in increased EDV and preload, ultimately increasing stroke volume.

38
Q

What is the direct effect of a carotid sinus massage?

A

Carotid sinus massage stimulates the carotid baroreceptors. –> activate the PNS –> slows down HR.

39
Q

What nerve carries the afferent signals from the CAROTID sinus baroreceptor?

A

CN9: Gloosopharyngeal

BT_Step1_NTK (28 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions