LC_Exam3 NTK Flashcards
What is the Critical Period in development?
Critical Period: when development is RESPONSIVE to INFLUENCE.
Time during which a developing system is especially vulnerable to injury.
Thought to correspond to periods of rapid growth.
What is the Sensitive Period in development?
Sensitive Period: developing system more amenable to acquisition of certain abilities (e.g. language input during first year of life), more sensitive to certain stimuli (e.g. parent smell), and more readily influenced by certain environmental factors → long term impact on development.
Time when EXPOSURE to things SUFFICES in teaching rather than expending conscious effort to learn.
Describe the core concepts and stages of development in the theories of Freud.
Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, Genital = psychosexual development
Describe the core concepts and stages of development in the theories of Piaget.
Piaget: cognitive development through interactions with the environment.
Describe the core concepts and stages of development in the theories of Bowlby.
Bowlby: attachment theory.
Relationship with primary caregiver during infancy forms foundation for later well-being and personality development
Infants programmed to behave in ways that evoke care and ensure survival
Secure base: relationship with a person who provides comfort and safety and enables the infant/young child to explore the environment.
Strange situation: experimental paradigm developed to determine attachment status
Piaget: cognitive development through interactions with the environment.
What is Accommodation?
Accommodation: reorganization of mind based on discordance between new experience and past experiences in order to understand new experience.
Piaget: cognitive development through interactions with the environment.
What is Decalage?
Decalage: unevenness in developmental progress across different cognitive abilities (walking vs. talking).
Piaget: cognitive development through interactions with the environment.
What is Assimilation?
Assimilation: integration of new experience with past experiences and problem-solving based on past experiences.
What are the stages of development according to Piaget?
Stages of development:
Sensorimotor (birth to 18-24 months): dependence on exploration of perceptual stimuli through sensory modalities - development of object permanence
Preoperational (18-24 months to 7 years): language development, symbolic capacities, magical explanations, limited attention span and memory, egocentrism causality based on temporal or spatial nearness
Concrete operations (7 to 12yrs): ability to conserve volume and quantity, reversibility of events, perspective taking, logical dialogue, complex causal sequences
Formal operations (12 yrs - adulthood): manipulation of ideas and concepts, abstract reasoning, etc.
Repression: ?
Repression: hiding away wishes in the unconscious
Displacement: ?
Displacement: symptoms (wishes/impulses) hidden in one area appear in another
Sublimation: ?
Sublimation: using energy from unfulfilled wishes/impulses in a constructive way
Denial: ?
Denial: failure to acknowledge a truth that produces anxiety
Rationalization: ?
Rationalization: actions based on one motive justified by a more acceptable motive
Reaction formation: ?
Reaction formation: displaying a trait that is opposite of a repressed one
Projection: ?
Projection: attribute your own unacceptable impulses to another
Sublimation: ?
Sublimation: channeling instincts/wishes/impulses into socially accepted and valuable activity (e.g. painting)
Regression: ?
Regression: reverting to behaviors seen in earlier stages of development to obtain care/resources that alleviate anxiety
What is the 4 primitive reflexes and when in development do the reflexes go away?
Moro (3 mo)
Rooting (4 mo)
Palmar (6 mo)
Babinski (12 mo)
In terms of Posture, when in dev. do infants develop the following?
- lifts head up prone
- rolls and sits
- crawls
- stands
- walks
- lifts head up prone (1 mo)
- rolls and sits (6 mo)
- crawls (8 mo)
- stands (10 mo)
- walks (12-18 mo)
What what month can an infant pass toys from one hand to another hand?
~6 mo.
When in dev. can an infant do a Pincer Grasp?
10 mo
In terms of Social Dev, when do infants develop the following?
Social smile
Stranger anxiety
Separation anxiety
Social smile (2 mo) Stranger anxiety (6 mo) Separation anxiety (9 mo)
In terms of Verbal/Cognitive dev., when do infants develop the following?
Orients - first to voice, then to name and gestures.
Object permanence
Oratory - says “mama” and “dada” by
Orients - first to voice (4 mo), then to name and gestures (9 mo)
Object permanence (9 mo)
Oratory - says “mama” and “dada” by (10 mo)
Describe the dev. of the Lungs prior to 22-24 weeks gestation?
prior to 22-24 weeks, the capacity for ventilation is limited by lack of air spaces, and the distance of capillaries from rudimentary air spaces.
Describe the 3 phases of the progressive branching of bronchial an pulmonary vascular trees.
Canalicular Phase: 17-27 weeks’ gestation, type II cells begin to differentiate, capillary network begins to form.
Saccular Phase: 26-36 weeks’ gestation, thinning of interstitial space, closer association of capillaries to air spaces and type I cells.
Alveolar Phase: 36 weeks’ gestation to 3 or more years, presence of true alveoli
22-24 weeks is therefore the physiologic limit of viability as the anatomic requirements for pulmonary gas exchange are not present prior to this point in gestation.
What is Surfactant deficiency?
Surfactant deficiency: leads to diffuse microatelectasis, macromolecular pulmonary edema (proteinaceous hyaline membranes), and very poor compliance (sticky, poorly expanded airspaces): also known as Hyaline Membrane Disease (HMD)
In the fetus, the pulmonary epithelium secretes fluid by __________ (in lambs, 5 ml/kg/hr at term – that’s a lot!)
This forms the basis for testing amniotic fluid for lung maturity
The fluid produced maintains lung volume and lung growth in utero PPROM (Premature prolonged rupture of membranes) with severe oligohydramnios leads to pulmonary hypoplasia
active Cl secretion
APGAR scores: rapid description of newborn condition at birth and response to resuscitation.
HR: absent, < 100, > 100
Respiration: absent, irregular/gasping, regular/crying
Tone: limp/flaccid, some flexion, active motion
Response to suction: non, grimace, cough/sneeze/cry
Color: pale/blue, acrocyanosis, completely pink
In first year of life, infants can distinguish between the two sexes.
- By 7 months, infants can discriminate between male and female faces and voices, using hair length and voice pitch.
- By 9 months, infants show some basic gender knowledge.
- By 12 months, babies will look to female faces when they hear a female voice and male faces when they hear a male voice.
Gender identity: ?
Gender identity: ability to label oneself as girl or boy and others as a girl, boy, woman, or man - a person’s self-representation as male or female
Gender stability: ?
Gender stability: recognition that gender remains constant over time
Gender consistency: ?
Gender consistency: gender is invariant despite changes in appearance, dress, or activity
