HY_Anatomy Flashcards
Erb palsy include what muscles?
Erb palsy include: the deltoid, rotator cuff, elbow flexors, as well as the extensors of the wrist and hand.
Erb palsy most commonly occurs during a difficult delivery in which there is abduction of the head away from the shoulder. This stretching can injure which cervical nerves?
cervical nerves C5-C6; moro reflex will be absent
Complications associated with shoulder dystocia include injury to what?
Upper brachial plexus, Root C5 and C6, which affects the musculocutaneous (C5-C7), axillary (C5-C6), median (C5-T1), and radial (C5-T1) nerves.
This injury to roots C5 and C6 is known as Erb’s palsy (Waiter’s trip)
During a mastectomy, what two nerves are within the surgical plane and are therefore at risk of being injured?
Thoracodorsal nerve: latissimus dorsi, pulling movt. duh…
Long thoracic nerve: serratus anterior, scapular stabilizer.
What is the attachment and function of the teres minor?
Attaches at the inferior facet of the greater tubercle and externally rotates the humerus.
The right phrenic nerve enters the mediastinum ____1____ to the vagus nerve and ____2____ to the right brachiocephalic vein.
- lateral
2. posterolateral
Symptoms of acute ischemic colitis include: ?
abdominal cramping, bloody diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, urgency to move bowels, and low-grade fever
Purpose of intercostal muscles?
The intercostal muscles contract to pull adjacent ribs together and assist in active respiration. All intercostal muscles are innervated by intercostal nerves.
What is chalazion?
a granulomatous inflammatory disorder caused by obstruction of the meibomian gland (a type of sebaceous gland) of the eyelids.
Chalazia can be painful or painless, what is the Tx?
initial treatment for a chalazion includes nonpharmacological interventions such as warm compresses and gentle eyelid scrubs with baby shampoo and warm water, which help promote normal function and drainage of meibomian glands.
Injury to C8-T1 = ?
Klumpke’s palsy; caused by a forceful combination of arm traction and abduction during delivery.
Klumpke’s palsy (C8-T1) may also involve what structures, leading to what syndrome?
Injury of C8-T1 may also involve the sympathetic trunk/ganglia and is called Horner’s syndrome
Medial winging of the scapula is caused by a lesion of what nerve?
Medial winging of the scapula is caused by a lesion of the long thoracic nerve.
Function of what muscle can be evaluated with the empty/full can test?
supraspinatus m.
Baseball pitchers are classically at risk for tearing what muscle.
infraspinatus m.
What muscle is NOT affected in Erb’s palsy?
latissimus dorsi is innervated by the thoracodorsal (middle subscapular) nerve, which is primarily derived from C7
What is the proximal-to-distal organization of the brachial plexus?
Roots → Trunks → Divisions → Cords → Branches.
“Real Texans Drink Cold Beer”
The cords of the brachial plexus is named according to their relationship to which vessel?
Axillary a.
What is scalenus antics syndrome?
Thoracic outlet syndrome (scalenus anticus syndrome) is a neurologic and/or vascular impairment of the upper limb due to narrowing of the interscalene triangle and consequent compression of the brachial plexus and subclavian artery.
“Claw hand” == ?
Klumpke’s palsy
The oculomotor nerve (CN III) also gives off the preganglionic oculomotor root of what ganglion?
ciliary ganglion, which synapses with the ciliary ganglion.
Superior tarsal muscle: action and innervation?
Action: Elevation of the eyelid.
Innervation: Sympathetic nerves (superior cervical ganglion).
What muscle inserts onto the undersurface of teh clavicle, protecting the subclavian vessels and teh brachial plexus during a clavicle fructure?
Subclavius m.
Roots of the Brachial Plexus?
C5, C6, C7, C8, T1
3 Trunks:
Superior (upper) trunk (C5, C6)
Middle trunk (C7)
Inferior (lower) trunk (C8,T1)
What type of rotation do the Lats do?
MEDIAL rotation of the humerus; and extension and adduction.
What bursa is located between the acromion of the scapula and the fibrous capsule of the glenohumeral joint?
Subacromial bursa
What is the most commonly torn rotator cuff muscle?
Supraspinatus
Posterior cord → what nerves?
Posterior cord → Axillary nerve, radial nerve
Lateral cord → what nerves?
Lateral cord → Musculocutaneous nerve, part of median nerve
Medial cord → what nerves?
Medial cord → Ulnar nerve, part of median nerve
Remember the innervation of the muscles of EOM:
“SO4 LR6, and all the rest by 3”
What are the contents of the anterior mediastinum?
- parasternal lymph nodes
- sternopericardial ligaments
- remnants of the thymus gland
- internal thoracic vessels
What are the contents of the POSTERIOR mediastinum?
esophagus/thoracic aorta/thoracic duct
The middle mediastinum contains what?
Heart and pericardium
Actions of Leptin hormone?
- Decreases food intake.
- Increases metabolic rate, activity level, and temperature.
- Inhibits synthesis and release of insulin.
What are the major primary retroperitoneal structures?
kidney, ureter, adrenal gland, aorta, inferior vena cava, and anal canal.
What are the major secondary retroperitoneal organs?
Most of the duodenum (except the proximal portion of the first part), most of the pancreas (except for the tail), ascending colon, descending colon, and most of the rectum
What supplies the occipital cortex, where the primary visual cortex is located?
Posterior cerebral; Infarction of this region in one hemisphere can produce a homonymous hemianopsia with macular sparing.
Infarct of the anterior communicating artery leads to what?
ACA is near the optic chiasm. leads to bitemporal hemianopsia
Ophthalmologic deficit of an anterior communicating a. defect?
BiTemporal HEMIanopia
Ophthalmologic deficit of a internal carotid a. defect?
binasal hemianopia
Ophthalmologic deficit of an Ophthalmic a. defect?
monocular blindness
Ophthalmologic deficit of a posterior cerebral a. defect?
Homonymous hemianopia with macular sparing
Ophthalmologic deficit of a posterior communicating a. defect?
CN III palsy
Layers of the anterior abdominal wall?
skin Camper fascia (fatty layer) Scarpa fascia (fibrous layer) external oblique muscle/aponeurosis internal oblique muscle/aponeurosis transversus abdominis muscle/aponeurosis transversalis fascia parietal peritoneum
The major source of blood supply to the nasal mucosa is the ____1____ artery, the terminal branch of the ____2____ artery, which itself is a terminal branch of the ____3____ artery.
- sphenopalatine
- maxillary
- external carotid
The lower trunk of the brachial plexus contains nerve fibers from the C8 and T1 thoracic spinal nerves. These nerve fibers innervate what?
the intrinsic muscles of the hand, including the interosseous muscles (responsible for abduction and adduction of the digits) and the opponens muscle (responsible for opposition of the thumb).
The lower trunk contributes to the formation of the ulnar and median nerves, leading to loss of function of what?
all the intrinsic muscles of the hand supplied by these nerves.
If you see the red nucleus in a horizontal cross-section, you know you are looking at what slice of the brainstem?
rostral midbrain
What part of the brainstem contains ascending fibers carrying discriminative touch, proprioception, and vibration information.
medial lemniscus
The cerebral peduncles contain what fibers?
descending corticospinal and corticobulbar fibers
Parkinson’s disease results from the degeneration of the dopaminergic neurons in what part of the brain?
the substantia nigra pars compacta of the midbrain
What does the basilar a. supply?
both sides of the ventral and medial pons
inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery is a branch of the _____1_____ artery.
superior pancreaticoduodenal artery is a branch of the ____2____ artery
- superior mesenteric
2. gastroduodenal
what injury at the cervical level presents as pain, burning or tingling sensation, and weakness or numbness in the shoulder, arm, or hands.
a spinal nerve compression
Where do vertebral arteries enter and travel?
Vertebral arteries enter at C6 level and then travel in the transverse foramina.
The median n. is what what cords?
lateral cord (C5, C6, C7) and medial cord (C8, T1)
The musculocutaneous n. is from which cords?
lateral cord only!
What landmark ~ pudendal nerve block?
ischial spine
Contraction of the subscapularis muscle causes what action?
internal rotation of the arm at the shoulder.
What nerve that is anterior to the supracondylar region of the humerus?
median nerve
Bitemporal hemianopsia is ~w/ with other Sx?
prolactinoma
What is NOT affected by carpal tunnel synd and why?
Palm sensation, b/c the superficial palmer cutaneous br. of the median nerve passes superficially to the carpal tunnel
What hand muscles does that median n. innervate?
- opponens pollicis
- flexor pollicis bravis
- abductor pollicus brevis
- 1st and 2nd lumbricals
What innervates all digiti minimi muscles?
Ulnar n.
What hand muscles does that Ulnar n. innervate?
- Adductor pollicus
- All interosseus muscles
- All Digiti minimi muscles
What hand muscles does that RADIAL n. innervate?
- Abductor pollicus longus
- Extensor indicis
- Extensor pollicis longus
What is Werdnig-Hoffman disease?
Werdnig-Hoffman disease leads to the death of ventral horn cells, causing lower motor neuron disease.
Corticobulbar involvement can cause poor feeding and respiratory failure in infants.
In a lumbar puncture, the needle must pass through:
In a lumbar puncture, the needle must pass through: skin → superficial fascia → deep fascia → supraspinous ligament → interspinous ligament → flavum ligamentum → epidural space → dura → arachnoid → subarachnoid space.
Locked-in syndrome:
- Caused by occlusion of the basilar artery and central pontine myelinolysis
- Patients have preserved alertness and cognitive abilities
- Patients have quadriplegia and cannot speak
- Patients communicate through vertical eye movements and blinking
What artery is fucked?
Basilar a.
In Bells Palsy, paralysis limited to the lower half of the face indicates what?
contralateral UMN lesion
The superior rectus muscle can elevate and adduct the eye from the neutral position.
what muscle is the only muscle that can elevate the eye from the abducted position?
The superior rectus muscle
Avascular necrosis of the femoral head, results from interruption of blood supply to the femoral head, which can lead to necrosis. What artery is fuckeD?
Medial circumflex femoral a.
What nerve innervates the submandibular and sublingual glands (via the submandibular ganglion.
CN VII (facial)
What nerve innervates the parotid gland via the otic ganglion.
CN IX (glossopharyngeal)
fracture to the surgical neck of the humerous what lead to what Sx?
injury to axiliary nerve loss of ABduction of arm and loss of sensation over lateral upper arm.
“Wrist drop” =?
midshaft fracture, radial n. Can also occur with a LATERAL epicondyle fracture of humerus
“Claw hand” = ?
injury to ulnar nerve, medial epicondyle of humerus fracture
What nerve passes around the neck of the fibula what does it innervate?
common fibular (peroneal) nerve passes around the neck of the fibula; muscles of dorsiflexion and ext. of toes and foot inversion. sensory to small patch of skin in the dorsum of the first web space.
Ulnar nerve is from what cords?
medial cord only!
What nerve innervates the serratus anterior and what are is roots?
Long thoracic n. ( C5, C6, C7)
Hypothenar eminence is innervated what what ventral ramus?
C8 ventral ramus (median n.)
A lacunar stroke can result in a PURE MOTOR deficit d/t involvement what?
Posterior limb of the internal capsule, UMN issue
What is Cubital tunnel syndrome?
Cubital tunnel syndrome is relatively common and results from entrapment of the ulnar nerve at the level of the elbow.
Symptoms include loss of sensation to the medial 1.5 digits (both palmar and dorsal surfaces) and atrophy of intrinsic hand muscles, except the thenar muscles and the lateral two lumbricals.
