uWorld 47 Flashcards
what is pleiotropy
multiple, seemingly unrelated phenotypic manifestations, often in different organ systems, as a result of a single genetic defect
what is genetic linkage
tendency of alleles located near one another on the same chromosome to be inherited jointly
what is a viral component vaccine
aka KILLED VACCINE
RABIES or HEP A
interferon alpha can treat what
hep B and C
hairy cell leukemia
condyloma acuminatum
Kaposi
do nitrates decrease SVR
YUP they have moderate arterodilation but mainly venodilators)
also decrease after load
decrease preload and increase venous capacitance
what does 2,3 BPG do
normally forms ionic bonds with the beta subunits of oxygenated hemoglobin A, facilitating oxygen release in the peripheral tissue
what is primase
DNA dependent DNA polymerase
what type of health insurance plan has low months premiums and low copayments and deductibles
HMO
what type of health insurance plan is a PCP referral NOT rewired for specialist visits
preferred provider organization
what is a preferred provider organization (PPO)
offer most flexible choices for both in network and out-of-network providers
higher premiums and deductibles than HMOs
large “in-network” provider panel
NO PCP REFERRAL NECESSARY for specialists
what s Point-of-service health insurance
must get PCP referral to see specialist
may see out-of-network providers (at significants costs but you can still do it)
higer premiums than HMO not as high as preferred provider organization
after B12 replacement in atrophic gastritis what levels increase drastically
reticulocyte count
what kind of virus is parvovirus
ssDNA linear (NONENVELOPED)
what is the most common site of UNILATERAL FETAL HYDRONEPHROSIS
inadequate canalization of the URETEROPELVIC JUNCTION (connection site b/w kidney and the ureter)
last segment of fetal ureter to canalize
what is the most common cause of BILATERAL FETAL HYDRONEPHROSIS in boys
POSTERIOR URETHRAL VALCES
caused by OBSTRUCTIVE, persistent urogenital membrane at the junction of the bladder and urethra
(fun fact: urethral strictures, metal stenosis, and bladder neck obstruction will also cause bilateral fetal hydronephrosis)
what is a NONOBSTRUCTIVE cause of fetal hydronephrosis
vesicoureteral reflux
cortical branches of the major cerebral arteries cause what kind of hemorhages
LOBAR (usually occipital)
what is seen in hemorrhages of pontine arteries
bilateral = COMA, pinpoint pupils, total paralysis
the lenticulostriate arteries supply basal ganglia, where does this artery come form
MIDDLE CEREBRAL
HORSESHOE KIDNEY gets suck on what
IMA
POLYMYOSITIS
SYMMETRICAL PROXIMAL MUSCLE WEAKNESS (difficulty CLIMBING STAIRS, GETTING UP from CHAIR, CARRYING HEAVY OBJECTS)
ENDOMESIAL mononuclear infiltrate
elevated muscle enzymes
autoantiboeis (ANA, anti-Jo-1 aka HISTIDYL-tRNA SYNTHETASE)
can have interstitial lung disease and myocardidits with it
both polymyositis and dermatomyositis can occur independently or what
as a PARANEOPLASTIC SYNDROME of an underlying malignancy (especially ADENOCARCINOMA)
ovarian mass that is YELLOW and FIRM and has small CUBOIDAL cells in sheets with GLAND-LIKE structures containing acidophilic material
CALL-EXNER BODIES (coffee bean nuclei) of a GRANULOSA CELL TUMOR
secretes estrogen
- endometryal hyperplasia (post menopausal bleeding w/ thickened endometrium)
- precocious puberty
secretes inhibition
pt with persistent cough comes in with recent-onset headaches and dyspnea
“puffy face” for 2 weeks
no shoulder pain, heart is clear
facial swelling and conjunctival edema
dilated vessels over his neck and upper trunk
SUPERIOR VENA CAVA SYNDROME (MCC is LUNG CANCER that is a mediastinal mass)
what is seen in superior vena cava syndrome
dyspnea cough, swelling of face, neck, and upper extremities
headaches, dizziness, and confusion may occur due to cerebral edema and elevated ICP
DIALTED COLLATERAL VEINS seen in upper torso
LUNG CANCER (mediastinal mass) IS MCC OF SVC SYNDROME
what do eosinophils relate to kill helminths
MAJOR BASIC PROTEIN
fun IMPORTANT fact: contributes to damage of bronchial epithelium in patients with atopic asthma
what does thyroid peroxidase do
IODINE ORGANIFCAIOTN
COUPLINE OF IODOTYROSINES
how do you calculate half life from volume of distribution and clearance rate
t(1/2) = (0.7*Vd)/CL
dont forget the fucking 0.7
what is the mutation in polycythemia vera
V617F mutation involving JAK2 gene (replacing valine with phenylalanine) making hematopoietic stem cells more sensitive to growth factors ;like erythropoietin and thrombopoietin
someone with pancreatitis and anemia, what is causing the anemia
FOLATE DEFICIENY
fucking alcoholics get pancreatitis and alcoholics are also folate deficient
parietal cell hyperplasia and enlargement of gastric rugal folds on endoscopy or gross examination
Zollinger-Ellison (gastrin did it)
calcium is needed for neurotransmitters to do what
fusion and release of vesicles
what are the two most important facts in coronary blood flow regulation
NO (nitric oxide)- synthesized from arginine
ADENOSINE
what is seen with normal aging of the heart
decreased LV chamber size (particularly in apex-to-base dimension)- acquiring a SIGMOID SHAPE, with the basilar portion building into the left ventricular outflow tract
increased interstitial CONNECTIVE TISSUE, often with concomitant extracellular amyloid deposition
LIPOFUSCIN (brownish) PIGMENT in myocardial cells- indigestible byproducts of sub cellular membrane lipid oxidation
what causes a keloid
TRANSFORMATION GROWTH FACTOR BETA (TGF-BETA) which promotes differentiation of fibroblasts into myofbiroblasts
produced excessively without regulation
RASIED, PAINFUL, PURRITIC
what is healing by primary intension
SURGICAL CLOSURE of well-approximated wound edges, which decreases likelihood of significant scaring and prolonged remodeling
what histological changes are seen in PML
cytoplasmic inclusions of oligodendrocytes
