uWorld 37 Flashcards
korsakoff syndrome is associated with damage to what
ANTERIOR and DORSOMEDIAL THALAMIC NUCLEI
results in memory loss (permanent) and confabulation (if they dont know a fact they will fill in the gaps with made up shit they think is true)
inability to form new memories (anterograde amnesia)
QT interval represents what
ventricular depolarization and repolarization
can be though of as a rough estimate of the action potential duration (APD)
what antiarrythmics prolong QT
class IA and III
amiodorone has very little risk of torsades tho
how does adenosine work ni treating PSVT
A1 rectors on cardiac cells to activate POTASSIUM channels, increasing potassium conductance
transient conduction delay through AV node is used for acute termination of PSVT
CD14 is a surface marker of what
monocyte-MACROPHAGE cell lineage
if mom with a son with sickle cell wants to have a kid with another man whats best way to see if her next child will have sickle cell
since her son has it we know she has sickle cell TRAIT (sickle cell disease is AR)
do PATERNAL HEMOGlOBIN ELECTROPHORESIS to see if the new partner also has sickle cell trait
inappropriate activation of what causes acute pancreatitis
TRYPSINOGEN
either ductal obstruction or direct parenchymal injury leads to ACINAR cell INJURY which results in INTRA-ACINAR CONVERSION of TRYPSINOGEN to TRYPSIN (done by lysosomal enzymes)
what do amylases do
hydrolyze starch to produce maltose (glucose-glucose disaccharide), trisaccharide maltotriose, and limit dextrins
impairment of what system can contribute to the development of neurodegenerative disorders such as parkinson’s and alzheimers
Ubiquitin-Proteasome system
mutations of the NOD2 gene have shown a particularly strong association with what
Crohn disease
it encodes an intracellular microbial receptor that recognizes bacterial lipopolysaccharides and subsequently activates NF-kappaB pathway
NK-kappaB is PROINFLAMMATORY TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR that increases CYTOKINE PRODUCTION
mutations in Crohns = impaired innate immune response
pertussis toxin incases cAMP production (via ribosylation of Gi) which leads to what
↑ INSULIN production
lymphocyte and neutrophil dysfunction
↑ SENSTIVITY to HISTAMINE
exogenous androgen (steroid) abuse INCREASES HEMATOCRIT in a dose-dependent mannor, why
testosterone stimulates red blood cell production (this is why normal hematocrit is higher in males than females)
lack of t-tubules in some myofibrils leads to what
uncoordinated contraction of individual fibers
impaired relaxation of the muscle after a SINGLE contraction occurs in what condition
myotonic dystrophy
AD disease due to abnormality of myotonia protein kinase resulting form a CTG trinucleotide repeat expansion
what forms the right lateral cardiac border on frontal chest xray
RIGHT ATRIUM
SVC
what form the anterior (sternal) surface and most of inferior border of the heart
right atrium
what is seen directly posterior to the esophagus on tranesophageal electrocardiography (TEE)
DESCENDING AORTA
good b/c you can see if it is dissected or aneurysm or something
the pulmonary artery ascends anteriorly and to the left of the ascending aorta and is directed toward the left shoulder, what is the course after it bifurcates
right pulmonary artery travels horizontally under the aortic arch posterior to the SVC
left pulmonary artery courses superiorly over the left main bronchus
what is the spread of neisseria causing meningitis
pharynx → blood → choroid plexus → meninges
transmitted via respiratory droplets (usuali asymptomatic carriers with nasopharyngeal colonization)
pharynx → lymphatics → meninges is how what organism causes meningitis
H. flu
infants and young children
middle ear → contiguous tissues → meninges how what organism causes meningitis
S. pneumonia (unusual way but its possible after an acute infection of the middle ear)
traumatic wound → leaking CSF → meninges how what organism causes meningitis
MCC of S AUREUS MENINGITIS or CNS ABSCESS
following penetrating skull injury or neurosurgery