uWorld 15 Flashcards
many progressive neurologic diseases may be associated with CYSTIC DEGENERATION of what?
this is especially seen in Wilson’s Disease
PUTAMEN (medial to insula and lateral to globus pallidus on coronal sections)
(globus palidus is medial to putamen)
what separates the globes pallidus and putamen from the caudate nucelus
internal capsule
what structures is found on the inferolateral walls of the anterior horns of the lateral venticles
CUASDATE NUCLEUS
what causes an annular pancreas
abnormal MIGRATION of the VENTRAL pancreatic bud (during 7th or 8th week of development)
can be caused by adherence to either the dorsal bud or duodenum before rotation begins
usually asymptomatic but can present with duodenal obstruction or pancreatitis
host defenses against mycobacterial infections depends on what
interactions b/w macrophages and T cells
INTERFERON GAMMA a pleitrophic Th1 cytokine is a key factor in the elimination of these infections
autosomal recessive deficiencies of the IFN-gamma receptor (or other elements of this pathway) result in disseminated what
mycobacterial disease in infancy or early childhood, including disseminated infection by the BCG vaccine strain if administered
once identified, these pts require lifelong tx with continuous antimycobacterial antibiotics
what do you give to someone who is having a panic attack
BENZO in emergency setting
give them SSRI for the long-term
what is citalopram
an SSRI used to treat general anxiety disorder
what are the different stages of Pagets Disease of the Bone
- Osteoclastic (osteolytic phase)
- Mixed phase (blastic/clastic)
- osteoblastic (osteoclerotic phase)
what part of the kidney is fucked in renal cell carcinoma
PROXIMAL RENAL TUBULES
risk factors are: smoking and obesity
what is a renal oncocytoma
very rare tumors that originate from COLLECTING DUCT CELLS
well-differentiated neoplastic cells that contain numerous mitochondria
what tumor is found in the renal pelvis lining
transitional cell carcinoma (responsible for 90% of the tumors involving the renal pelvis)
tends to be multifocal in nature
often forms papillary tumors composed of urothelium supported by a thin fibrovascular stalk
where is ribosomal DNA coding for 28S, 5.8S, and 18S rRNA, NEWLY TRANSCRIBED rRNA in association with RIBOSOMAL PROTEINS that are translated in the cytoplasm from mRNA found in a cell
NUCLEOLUS- primary function is to synthesis and assemble immature 60S and 40S ribosomal stunts that are exported form the nucleus to fully mature in the cytoplasm
all ribosomal RNA except 5S rRNA is transcribed in the nucleolus
what is porcelain gallbladder
potential manifestation of CHRONIC CHOLESCYSTITS and is often found in association with multiple gallstones
due to dystrophic intramural deposition of calcium salts in the setting of chronic inflammation
associated with ↑ risk of ADENOCARCINOMA of the gallbladder
pt presents with firm, palpable gallbladder (RUQ pain) but many are asymptomatic w/ findings detected incidentally on imaging (CALCIFICATION SEEN SURROUNDING ENLARGED THICK GALLBLADDER)
what is acute ascending cholangitis
typically due to gram-negative infection of the intrahepatic biliary tree
consequence of biliary obstruction (choledocholithiaisis) and present with fever, RUQ pain, and jaundice
how can non-pathogenic Corynebacterium cause severe pseudomembranous pharyngitis
acquiring the Tox gene via lysognization by a TEMPEATE BACTERIOPHAGE
Strep pneumo gets its ability to produce capsules how
transformation
what is conjugation and what bacteria uses it
direct transfer of plasmids from one bacterium to another through a sex pilus
E. Coli acquire ability to form pili via bacterial conjugation
genes for antibiotic resistance are often transmitted in this manner
at higher levels of exercise what is responsible for most of the increase in CO
HR
in exercising what hemodynamic and vasoregulatory adjustments are done to provide maximal blood flow to active muscles
simulation of mechano- and chemoreceptors in the exercising muscle causes sympathetic activation and withdrawn of vagal tone resulting in:
↑ HR
↑ SV
↑ overall CO
what decreases during exercise
SYSTEMIC VASCULAR RESISTANCE
due to the substantial arteriolar vasodilation in active skeletal muscles, mediated by local release of:
adenosine, K+ ions, ATP, CO2, lactate
what vessel courses anteriorly to the 3rd part of the duodenum
SUPERIOR MESENTERIC ARTERY (and vein)
close proximity to the uncinate process of the pancreas
the 3rd part of the duodenum courses horizontally over what
L3
abdominal aorta
IVC
what is the course of the common bile duct
inferiorly from the hepatoduodenal ligament region
posterior to the first part of the duodenum and within the head of the pancreas, to drain into the second part of the duodenum
how does pulmonary fibrosis present
GRADUAL-ONSET DYSPNEA, first with exertion and then progressing to symptoms at rest
see bilateral and diffuse patter of small, irregular (RETICULONODULAR) opacities that are most pronounced in the lower lobes
does Tay-Sachs or Niemann-Pick have hepatosplenomegaly
Niemann-Pick
