really dont know this shit

Question 1

whats the uterus look like in an ectopic pregnancy

Answer 1

same as late luteal (secretory) phase- waiting for implantation so DECIMALIZED ENDOMETRIUM ONLY
-DIALTED, COILED ENDOMETIAL GLANDS and VASCUALRIZED EDEMATOUS STROMA

Question 2

what is caudal regression syndrome

Answer 2

SACRAL AGENESIS causing LOWER EXTREMITY PARALYSIS and URINARY INCONTINENCE

patients born with agenensis of the sacrum and occasionally lumbar spine and experience resultant FLACCID PARALYSIS of the LEGS, DORSIFLEXED CONTRACTURES of the FEET, and URINARY INCONTINENCE

can range from isolated anal atresia to sirenomelia

related to POORLY CONTROLLED MATERNAL DIABETES

Question 3

what do activated macrophages and nuetorphils secrete in emphysema

Answer 3

PRTOEASES- CATHESPINS, MMPs, ELASTASES
-they degrade ecm and generate free oxygen radicals the impair the function of protease inhibitors (like alpha-1-antitrypsin)

Question 4

why do club cells do

Answer 4

formerly Clara cell
nonciliated, secretory epithelium of the terminal respiratory epithelium

secrete club cell secretory protein and surfactant components

help detoxify inhaled substances (tobacco smoke) by CPY450 mechanism

Question 5

what is seen in fetal-placnetal aromatase deficiency

Answer 5

AR disorder that manifests early in embryonal life with HIGH ANDROGEN and LOW ESTROGEN levels in the female fetus

MATERNAL VIRILIATION (hirsutism) commonly occurs during pregnancy due to the transfer of excess androgen into the maternal circulation

affected news worth girls have NORMAL INTERNAL GENITALIA and AMBIGUOUS or MALE-TYPE EXTERNAL genitalia

at puberty, impaired ovarian estrogen synthesis causes primary amenorrhea, osteoporosis, and tall statue (low estrogen delays fusion of epiphyses)

men: tall statue and osteoporosis but no genital stuff

Question 6

what causes WIDE SPLIT S2

Answer 6

LENGTHENING of RIGHT VENTRICULAR EJECTION TIME w/ delayed closure of pulmonary valve (accentuated by INHALATION)

seen in: right bundle branch block, pulmonary stenosis, and pulmonary arterial hypertension

Question 7

neoplasms associated with LYNCH syndrome (HNPCC)

Answer 7

colorectal
breast
ovarian

Question 8

neoplasms associated with LIFRAUMENI syndrome

Answer 8

sarcomas
breast cancer
brain tumors
adrenocortical carcinomas
leukemia

Question 9

neoplasms in VHL

Answer 9

hemangioblastomas
clear cell renal carcinoma
pheochromocytoma

Question 10

whats going on in ataxia-telangiectasia

Answer 10

tumor suppressor protein p53 inactivation resulting in disruption of NONHOMOLGOUS END JOINING REPAIR MECHANISM

ATM genene mutation

AR

Question 11

inheritance patterns of marfan and homocytinuria

Answer 11

marfan: AD
homo: AR

Homocystinguria:retarded (marfan not), megaloblastic anemia, THROMBOSIS, fair complexion

Question 12

what is seen in pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency

Answer 12

lactic acidosis
neurologic
early death

Question 13

EKG changes in hyperkalemia

Answer 13

peaked t wave
loss of p wave
prolonged PR
widened QRS
slow HR

Question 14

EKG changed in hypokalmeia

Answer 14

QT prolongation
u wave
ST depression

Question 15

EKG changes in hypercalcemia

Answer 15

QT shortening, t wave flattening or inversion

hypo: QT prolongation

Question 16

what kind of diarrhea is rotavirus

Answer 16

osmotic

Question 17

what is KLUVER-BUCY syndroem

Answer 17

rare neuropsychiatric syndrome

medial temporal lobe (AMYGDLAL) fucked up

inappropriate behavior, sexual stuff, oral fixation, hyperphagia, visual agnosia, loss of normal anger and fear reaction, placidity, amnesia, distractibility, seizures, dementia

ASSOCIATED WITH HSV-1

Question 18

what is “contact inhibition”

Answer 18

when cells (normal ones) are grown on culture they will grow until they touch all boarders and then they stop-medatiaed by CADHERINS and CATENINS

Question 19

what is XEROSIS (asteatosis dermatitis, “winter itch”)

Answer 19

common in older patients during winter
indoor heaters lower relative air humidity

defects in stratum CORNEUM permeability layer

Question 20

what is a merkel cell carcinoma

Answer 20

neuroendocrine receptor that sense of touch

blueish-red nodules or flesh-colored on face, neck or head

Question 21

what is the first step of de novo pyrimidine synthesis and where does it occur

Answer 21

cabamoyl phosphate synthetase II (converts CO2, glutamine, and 2 ATP into carbamoyl phosphate)

occurs in CYTOPLASMq

Question 22

what are the signs of a pontine hemorrhage

Answer 22

PINPOINT PUPILS
loss of horizontal gaze
quadriparesis
decerebrate posturing
rapidly evolving coma that culminates in death within several hours