USMLE Goljan 2 Flashcards
What murmur is heard in MV/TV regurgitation?
Pansystolic murmur
What murmur is heard in AV/PV regurgitation?
high pitched diastolic murmur directly after S2
What is the MC cardiomyopathy?
congestive (dilated) cardiomyopathy
What causes congestive cardiomyopathy? MC Drug? MC vitamin. def?
- idiopathic (MC)
- doxorubicin/cocaine
- thiamine deficiency (Alcoholics)
- hypothyroidism
What is the MCC of sudden death in young people?
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
What is the MCC of infective endocartitis?
Strep. viridians
What is the MCC of infective endocartitis in I.V. drug user?
Staph. aureus
What is the MCC of infective endocartitis in colon cancer and ulcerative colitis?
Strep. bovis
What is the MCC of infective endocartitis in prosthetic devices?
Staph. epidirmidis
What is the MCC valve involved in infective endocartitis?
mitral valve
What are the clinical findings in infective endocarditis?
1) type III; HS
- Roth Spots retina
- splinter hemorrhage
- glomerulonephritis w/ RBC casts
What is associated w/ Libman Sacks endocarditis?
SLE
What DZ has sterile vegetations covered on valvular surfaces?
SLE
-libman sacks endocarditis
What two diseases are involved w/ mucin-producing sterile vegetations?
tumors of colon and pancreas
Marantic vegetations
What is the MCC of viral myocarditis?
Coxsackievirus
What other pathogens cause myocarditis?
Borrelia (Lyme Dz)
T. cruzi (Chagas)
Tichinella spiralis (trichinosis)
What is the difference between myocarditis and pericarditis?
pericarditis adds AMI and Dressler’s syndrome
What is the MCC of pericarditis?
Coxsackievirus again!
What disease involves hypotension assciated w/ pulsus paradoxus?
pericarditis
What is pulsus paradoxus?
decrease in >10mmHG in systole during inspiration
What other sign is seen in pericarditis?
Kussmaul’s Sign
What is Kussmaul’s sign?
neck vein distension on inspiration
blood refluxes to jugular vein instead of entering RA
What is the MCC of constrictive pericarditis?
TB worldwide
What is the problem in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?
mutation in heavy chain of beta-myosin and troponins
What kind of genetics does hypertrophic cardiomyopathy have?
autosomal dominant
What is the MC site of metastasis to cardiac tissue?
pericardium
MC benign tumor of cardiac origin? Location?
Cardiac Myxoma
Left atirum
What is a benign tumor of the heart that arises from cardiac muscle? MC in age?
Cardiac Rhabdomyoma
infants and children
What disease is associated with cardiac rhabdomyoma?
Tuberous Sclerosis
What is associated w/ Alzheimer’s Dz?
Depression
What is the pathogenesis of mitral valve prolapse?
increase/accumulation of dermatan sulfate
What is the characteristic murmur of mitral valve prolapse?
mid-systolic click
When does the murmur approach to S1?
decrease in preload
less blood
How do you calculate the A-a gradient?
Alveolar PO2= 21%O2(Atm. P-47) - pCO2/0.8
A= (.21)(713)- 40/0.8)
Usually A=100
A-a
a=95
Normal A-a grad= 5-30
When is A-a gradient indicative of pulmonary pathology?
when A-a grad = >30
Where is ventilation most prominent in the lungs?
Apex
What is more prominent at the base of the lungs? Vent. or Perf.
Perfusion
Where do infactions of the lung occur?
Lower lobes
i.e. more perfusion
What is the diagnosis of a child w/ Nasal Polyps? Test for?
Sweat Test
Cystic Fibrosis (CF) until proven otherwise
Patient w/ fibromyalgia and develops asthma, what is the cause of this?
Aspirin induced asthma
block PG but still produce Leukotriene build up
LT C-D-E4 buildup
(potent bronchoconstrictors)
Causes of Hypoxemia w/ normal A-a gradient?
- barbiturates OD
- epiglottitis (Upper Airway Obstr.)
- Amyotrophics Lat. Sclerosis (ALS)
Newborn that turns cyanotic when breast feeding; cries and turns back to pink. Diagnosis?
Choanal Atresia
What is the complication of Sleep Apnea?
Pulmonary Hypertension
- vasoconstrictive effects of chronic hypoxemia and respiratory acidosis
called COR-PULOMONALE
What sinus is involved in adults w/ sinusitis? children?
mAxilary ADULTS
ethmoid children
ethmall
What is a common finding of sinusitis in diabetics?
Mucor sinusitis
Why does Mucor species prevail in sinusitis of Diabetic patients?
Ketoacidosis cuases proliferation
What does Mucor sp. invade?
frontal lobes
What is the cause of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma?
EBV
common in Chinese
What three compounds increase surfactant?
1) thyroxin
2) prolacitn
3) glucocorticoid
What happens when no primary cancer is found in cervical lymph node metastasis?
nasopharynx should be biopsied
Risk factor for Laryngeal CA?
smoking
What is synergistic with smoking in Laryngeal CA?
Alcohol ingestion
smoking + alcohol = bad combo
What is found in the physical exploration of Atelectasis?
- dullness to percussion
- absent tactile fremitus
When do you see atelectasis?
usually 24-36 hrs post surgery
What three compounds increase surfactant?
thyroxin
prolactin
glucocorticoids
that’s why glucocorticoids given to mother before 32 weeks
What is the pathogenesis of Respiratory Distress Syndrome in Newborns?
Atelectasis due to loss of surfactant
Where is surfactant made?
Type II neumocytes
Where is surfactant stored?
lamellar bodies
When does synthesis of surfactant begin?
28th week
When is surfactant at it’s peak?
35 weeks
What disease is common to dysphagia fro solids? (lower esophagus)
Achalasia MC
progressive systemic sclerosis/CREST Sx
What Dz is involved in dyspaghia for solids but in the Upper esophagus?
polymyositis
myasthemia gravis
Why is myasthemia gravis on the upper esophagus?
Upper 1/3 of esophagus is striated muscle
What three diseases have disphagia for liquids?
really bad…
1) plummer vinson
2) esophageal CA
3) Barrett’s Esophagus (ulceration and stricture)
What is associated with iron deficiency and dysphagia for solids?
Plummer-Vinson
What does it mean when you have dysphagia for solids but not liquids?
Mechanical Obstruction
What does it mean when you have dysphagia for both solids and liquids?
peristalisis problem
What is the MCC of odynophagia in HIV?
esophagitis caused by Candida albicans
Aids Defining
MC congenital esophageal disorder?
Tracheoesophageal fistula
What is wrong in tracheosophageal fistula? (what ends blindly?)
Proximal esophagus ends blindly
What are the common signs and symptoms of fistula in pregnancy?
Polyhydramnios
(excess fluid)
fetus is not reabsorbing it through mouth
What are signs/symptoms (S/S) of Trachesophageal Fistula (TE) in babies?
apsiration of milk into trachea
- abdominal distention
What is connected in TE fistula?
Trachea and Stomach!!!
Distal Esophagus arises from Trachea
What is the VATER Sx?
Vertebral Abnormalities
Anus Imperforated
TE fistula
Renal Disease/Radius abnormality
What are the causes of polyhydramnios?
- TE fistula
- Anacephaly
- duodenal atresia (Down/ALL)
What is weakness in the esophageal wall called?
Zenker’s Diverticulum
What is weak in Zenker’s Diverticulum?
cricopharyngeus muscle weakness
What are the S/S of Zenker’s Diverticulum?
bad breath
food collects in pouches
What is the pathogenesis of achalasia?
failure of relaxation of LES sphincter
What is absent in achalasia?
absent relaxation
absent myenteric ganglion cells
What is substance is missing in the myenteric ganglion of achalasia?
VIP (vasointestinal peptide)
What is the function of VIP?
relax the LES
What sign do we see in the X-ray of achalasia?
bird’s beak in barium study
dilation of proximal esophagus
HOw are achalasia and progressive systemic sclerosis (PSS)/ CREST Sx similar?
both have relaxation of LES
absence of esophageal motility
manometry best diagnostic measure
What does CREST stand for?
Calcinosis Raynaud's Phenomenum Esophageal Motility Dysfunction Sclerodactyly Telangiectasias
What laboratory test do you use to diagnostie CREST Sx?
ANA (70-90%)
anti-SCL-70 (70%) topoisomerase I
anti-centromere antibodies (30%)
What is the problem in GERD?
relaxed LES
acid injury leads to Barrett’s esophagus and then distal AdenoCA
What vein is most likely to have varices in esophagus?
left gastric coronary vein (from portal)
azygous vein
What is the MC organism causes esophagitis?
Candida
What are other causes of esophagitis?
Herpes (multinucleated cells w/ intranuclear inclusions)
CMV (single nucleurs w/ largo basophilic inclusion)
What is the name of the TEAR of the DISTAL esophagus?
Mallory Weiss Sx
When does Mallory Weiss Sx occur?
Alcoholics
bulimia
What is the name of the RUPTURE of the DISTAL esophagus?
Boerhaave’s Sx
What is the MCC of Boerhaave’s Sx?
Endoscopy procedure!!!
What is the MCC of primary cancer in the esophagus in the U.S.? What part of the esophagus?
Adenocarcinoma of distal esophagus
What is the MC esophageal CA in developing countries and where is it located in the esophagus?
Squamous CA
Mid-esophagus
MCC of hematemesis?
duodenal ulcer
2) gastric ulcer
3) esophageal varices
Main difference between congenital pyloric stenosis and duodenal atresia?
Bile containing fluid in Duodenal Atresia
Also duodenal atresia associated w/ Down Sx
polyhydramnios seen in mother in Duodenal Atresia
What are the three functions of PGE2?
1) increase blood flow to mucosa
2) increase secretion of mucous
3) increase HCO3- cytoprotective
What is an analog of PGE2?
Misoprostol
cytoprotective
What part of the stomach is affected by pernicious anemia?
Body and Fundus
What type of gastritis is pernicious anemia?
Type A atrophic gastitis
What part of the stomach does H. pylori infect?
pyloric antrum
What does H. pylori predispose to/cause? 2 things
AdenoCA of stomach
Malignant Lymphoma
What type of gastritis does H. pylori cause?
Type B Atrophic Gastritis
Where is the ulcer and cancer located in gastric ulcer?
lesser curvature of antum
Does gastric ulcer predispose to CA?
NO! Gastic CA may bleed and may be confused w/ gastric ulcer!
What must be done w/ gastric ulcer?
Biopsy to rule out gastric CA!
When is the pain in duodenal ulcer?
Decreases w/ meal/eating
When is pain in gastric ulcer?
Greater fater eating
What is the malignant potential for a duodenal ulcer?
0% malignancy
so never biopsied!
What blood group is associated w/ duodenal ulcer?
Blood group O
What other pathologies are associated w/ dudoneal ulcer?
MEN I
Zollinger-Ellison Sx
What is the MC complication of duodenal ulcer?
Bleed and perforation
What is the presentation of duodenal ulcer w/ perforation?
patient w/ epigastric pain that irradiates to the left shoulder
What is the first step in managemente of duodenal ulcer that has perforated?
Flat X-ray
Why is the pain referred to the shoulder in perforated duodenal ulcer?
because the diaphragm is irritated and has the same dermatome and embryology at C4 (phrenic nerve)
Patient that wakes up at night w/ epigastric pain?
Most likely duodenal ulcer
What is Zollinger Ellison’s (ZE) Sx?
malignant islet cell tumor
What does ZE secrete?
gastrin
increases acid in stomach
Why is there black melena?
Acid acts on HB and converts it into Hematin
Hematin is black pigment that stains fecal matter
What is a picture of a stomach that is really hard petrified almost?
Linitis plastica
Stomach Cancer diffuse type
What type of cells do you see in linitis plastica?
Signet Ring Cells
Where else can you find signet ring cells?
both ovaries since linitis plastica metastasizes via hematogenous route
What is a kind of diffuse type linitis plastica? attacks the ovaries as well?
Krukengerg Tumor
What is the MC extranodal site of extranodal lymphoma?
stomach
What is the 2nd MC extranodal site of extranodal lymphoma?
peyer’s patches
What is the MC benign tumor of GI tract?
Leiomyoma
What is the MC location for Leiomyoma?
stomach
What is the main symptom of leiomyoma?
bleeding
What is associated with dermatitis herpetiform?
Celiac Dz
What is the best test to detect Celiac Dz?
anti-gliadin Ab
What is another Dz that involves malabsorption?
Whipple Dz
What is the pathology of Celiac Dz?
Atrophy of villi in Duodenum and Jejunum
What is the pathology of Whipple’s Dz?
blunting of villi in jejunum and ileum
What is the best (cheapest) screening test to determine malabsorption problem?
stool for fat
What are the three classifications of diarrhea?
1) invasive
2) secretory
3) osmotic
What is the best test for invasive diarrhea?
fecal leukocytes (+)
What is the #1 organism in invasive enterocolitis?
Campylobacter
What diarrhea’s are low volume?
Invasive diarrhea
What diarrhea is high volume?
secretory and osmotic
What is secretory diarrhea?
high volume w/ osmolality similar to plasma
What is osmotic diarrhea?
high volume w/ osmolality lower than that of plasma
What are some disease that cause secretory diarrhea?
Vibrio cholerae (via adenylate cyclase)
E. coli (via guanylate cyclase)
Rotavirus
Carcinoid Sx
Is there mucosal inflammation in secretory diarrhea?
No mucosal inflammation
What are some common diseases that cause osmotic diarrhea?
lactase deficiency
laxatives
What is the MCC of diarrhea, cholecystitis and pancreatitis in AIDS?
Cytomelagolvirus (CMV)
What organism is associated w/ HLA-B27 spondyloarthropathy and uremic Sx?
Shigella
What is the MC contaminant of blood transfusions?
Yersenia enterocolitica
What are trophozoites phagocytosed RBCs?
Entameba histolytica (Ameba)
What is the MCC of diarrhea in AIDS?
Cryptosporidium parvum
What test is used to detect C. parvum?
String Test
What is the MCC of diarrhea from protozoa in the U.S.?
Giardia lamblia
What is the life cycle of G. lamblia?
cysts attach to small intestine mucosa
What organism causes rectal prolapse in children?
Trichuris trichura
What is the Tx of Trichuris trichura?
Albendazol
What is the reservoir of diphyllobothrium latum?
fish— lake trout
What does D. latum cause?
Vitamin B12 deficiency
What is the Tx fro D. latum?
praziquantel
What is seen in the stool of Strongyloidse stercoralis?
rhabditiform larvae
What parasite causes bowel obstruction?
Ascaris Lumbricoides
What is the reservoir for Dyphyllobotrium latum?
Fish — lake trout
What problems does D. latum give humans?
Vitamin B12 deficiency
What is the Tx for D. latum?
Praziquantel
got the prize for the fish!
What parasite in the soil penetrates the skin?
Strongyloides stercoralis
he is strong!!!
What is the MCC of hematochezia?
Diverticulosis
What is the 2nd MCC of hematochezia?
angiodysplasia
What is asscoaited w/ angiodysplasia?
von Willebrand’s Dz
Aortic Stenosis
What is the MCC of iron deficiency in newborn?
Mecke’s Diverticulum
bleeding GI
What disease has the term left sided apendicitis?
sigmoid diverticula
MC place of pathology in entire GI tract?
Sigmoid colon includes: - cancer - polyps (except Peutz-Jegher's) - diverticular disease
What is associated with embolism of transmural small bowel?
hear disease and atrial fibrillation
What is the MCC of fistulas in the GI tract?
diverticula
What is the MC fistula?
Colovesical Fistula
Ulcerative Colitis vs. Cronh’s Dz
UC vs. Crohn’s
What layers does UC comprise?
musocal and submucosal
What layers does Cronh’s Dz comprise?
all layers
it is transmural
What does UC primarily target?
rectum
What is involved in Cronh’s Dz in 80%?
Terminal Ileum Affected
What segment does UC attack?
rectum;
does not involve other areas of GI tract
What segment does Cronh’s attack?
Cronh=Complete
all layers
and also all the GI tract
mouth to anus
What marker do you get after HBV vaccine?
anti-HBs
What is the first serology to appear in HBV?
HBsAg
What is the marker that the patient will recover from HBV?
HBV-DNA poymerase leaves before HBsAg
Markers for HBV infection is active?
HBe and HBV-DNA antigens are excellent markers of infectivity
What is considered when anti-HBcIgM is converted to HBcIgG?
patient has old infection
What marker for HBV determines a chronic carrier?
HBsAg for more than 6 months
What is a healthy carrier?
carries HBsAg but is negative for HBeAg/HBV-DNA
What two viruses are associated w/ hepatocellular CA?
B and C hepatitis
What organism causes spontaneous peritonitis in adults?
E. coli
What organism causes spontaneous peritonitis in children?
Step. pneumoniae
What causes a single abscess in the right lobe of the liver?
E. histolytica
Tx for Hepatic Amebiasis?
Metronidazole
Who is the definitive host of Echinococcosis?
Sheep Dog
Humans are what type of host for Echinococcosis?
intermediate host
Tx for Echinococcosis?
Albendazole
What organism causes cholangiocarcinoma?
Clonorchis sinensis
What is another name for Clonorchis sinensis?
Chinese Liver Fluke
How do you get Clonorchiasis?
Ingestion of infected fish w/ larvae
What is the Tx of Clonorchiasis?
Praziquantel
What is the main characteristic in the laboratory of Clonorchiasis?
Eosinophilia
What organism causes cholangiocarcinoma?
Clonorchis sinensis
What is another name for Clonorchis sinensis?
Chinese Liver Fluke
How do you get Clonorchiasis?
Ingestion of infected fish w/ larvae
What is the Tx of Clonorchiasis?
Praziquantel
What is the main characteristic in the laboratory of Clonorchiasis?
Eosinophilia
What causes portal hypertension, hepatosplenomegaly, ascites and esophageal varices?
Schistosomiasis
What is the definitive host of Schistosoma mansoni?
Snails
imagine photographer taking pics of snails (he is a mason!)
Tx for Schistosomiasis?
Praziquantel
What is the MCC of congestive hepatomegaly?
Right Heart Failure (H.F.)
What are two clinical manifestations of PRE-hepatic obstruction?
1) portal vein thrombosis
2) ascites/varices
Do you find hepatomegaly in pre or post-hepatic obstruction?
Post-hepatic!!!
What is a cause of post-hepatic obstruction?
1) Budd-Chiari syndrome
2) Polycythemia vera
3) Oral Contraceptives
What is Budd-Chiari Sx?
hepatic vein thrombosis
What is the MCC of post-hepatic obstruction?
Polycythemia vera!
Symmptoms of post-hepatic obstruction?
1) painful liver
2) congested liver
3) ascites
4) portal hypertension
What are dead hepatocytes called?
Councilman Bodies
When do we find Councilman Bodies?
Hepatitis
What alcoholic disease is irreversible?
cirrhosis
Are fatty change and alcoholic hepatitis reversible or irreversible?
reversible
What are the factors of Alcholo liver disease?
1) amount of OH
2) duration of intake
3) more damage in females
Where is the most important site of metabolism of OH in liver?
cytosol
What causes disulfiram reaction?
acetaldehyde build up
What is disulfiram rx?
nausea/vomiting, flushing after ingestion of alcohol
What drug is used in Tx of alcoholism?
Antabuse or Disulfiram
What enzyme is inhibited by disulfiram?
an alcohol dehydrogenase
Acetaldehyde Dehydrogenase
Where is alcohol dehydrogenase found?
in cytosol and mitochondria
Why is there a build up of lactate in alcoholics?
high levels of NADH make pyruvate go into lactate (increases anion gap)
Why does hypoglycemia occur in alcoholics?
again increase in NADH makes conversion of pyruvate to lactate
decrease in pyruvate can’t go back to gluconeogenesis
Why is there esteatosis?
alcohol is converted to acetaldehyde and acetate and acetyl coA which makes free fatty acids
- increase in NADH2 favors glycerol-3-p
What is the sequence to make TG (VLDL) from 1,3 DPG?
1,3 DPG to Glyceraldehyde-3-P to DHAP to Glycerol-3-P + FA makes TG
Why is ketoacidosis sometimes present in alcoholics?
NADH once again favors conversion of:
Acetoacetate to B-Hydroxybutyrate (ketoacids)
Why are alcoholics prone to gout?
Ketoacids and Lactic Acid compete w/ uric acid for excretion in the kidneys
so Uric Acid Accumulates!
What is the ratio of ALT and AST in alcoholics?
You are an ASS because you drink
AST > ALT
What is seen in alcoholic hepatitis?
mallory bodies
you will have a bad body!!
Mal (lory) Body!
What is very characteristic microscopically?
fibrosis aroudn terminal hepatic venules
MCC of obstructive jaundice?
stone in common bile duct
What are the symptoms in obstructive jaundice?
- hypercholesterolemia
- light colored stools
- urine w/ conjugated bilirubin
- increase alkaline phosphatase (AP) and gamma-glutamyltransferas (GGT)
What are the symptoms of primary biliary cirrhosis?
- pruritus
- increase AP and GGT
- no jaundice until later
What immunoglobulins and markers detect primary biliary cirrhosis?
- increase anti-mitochrondrial Ab
- increase IgM
How do you acquire primary biliary cirrhosis?
autoimmune, granulomatous destruction of bile ducts in triads
What disease causes primary slcerosing pericholangitis?
ulcerative colitis
- complication of
What is the clinical picture of 1ry sclerosing pericholangitis?
jaundice
What cancer is related to 1ry sclerosing pericholangitis?
MCC of cholangiocarcinoma
Name drug that causes acute hepatitis? (4)
1) Isoniazid
2) Halothane
3) acetaminophen
4) methyldopa
Name two drugs that cause cholestasis?
1) oral contraceptives
2) anabolic steroids
What drugs cause steatosis? fatty liver… 2
1) Amiodarone
2) Methotrexate
What drug causes fibrosis in the liver?
methotrexate
What drug causes angiosarcoma of the liver?
Vinyl Chloride
What drug causes Liver Cell Adenoma?
Oral Contraceptives
What drugs (3) causes hepatocellular carcinoma?
1) Vinyl Chloride
2) Aflatoxin (Aspergillus mold)
3) Thorotrast
Can O.C. cause hepatocellular CA?
Yes
What is fulminant hepatic failure (FHF)?
acute liver failure w/ encephalopathy within 8 weeks of hepatic dysfunction
What is the MCC of FHF? (drug)
acetaminophen
What is the MCC of FHF? (organism)
virus
Other cause of FHF?
Reye’s Sx
What is hemochromatosis?
unrestricted reabsorption of IRON (small bowel)
What is the mode of inheritance of hemochromatosis?
autosomal recessive
What are the laboratory findings of hemochromatosis?
- increase serum iron
- decrease TIBC
- increase % saturation
- increase serum ferritin
What is the best screening test?
increase serum ferritin
What are the manifestations of hemochromatosis?
- bronze skin
- pancreas (malabsorption and DM)
- restrictive cardiomyopathy
- liver anormalities including hepatocellular CA in 30%
What is the Tx of hemochromatosis?
phlebotomy
What is Wilson’s Dz?
defect in Copper (Cu+) secretion into bile
- bile is Copper deficient
or
- defect in synthesis of ceruloplasmin
What is ceruloplasmin?
protein that binds to Copper
low ceruloplasmin so can’t bind Copper
- so increase of Cu in blood
What are some of the clinical manifestations of Wilson’s Dz?
Kayser-Fleishcher rings in eye
What is the Tx of Wilson’s Dz?
penicillamine
What nuclei is attacked in Wilson’s Dz?
lenticular nuclei degeneration
What are the symptoms of degeneration of the lenticular nuclei?
- chorea
- rigidity
- basal ganglia dementia
What part of the eye is affected w/ Kayser-Fleischer rings?
outer part of decemet
cornea
What organism causes chorioamnionitis?
Step. agalactiae
When does pre-eclampsia and eclampsia occur? trimester…
3rd trimester
What is the Diagnosis if pregnant woman presents w/ pre-eclampsia in first trimester?
hydatidiform mole
What two substances are increased in pre-eclampsia?
Angiotensin II
TXA2
What substances are decrease in pre-eclampsia?
PGE1 and NO
What are two substances in pre-eclampsia that are vasoconstrictors?
Angiotensin II
TXA2
What two substances are vasodilators in pre-eclampsia?
PGE1
N.O.
Tx for Eclampsia?
Magnesium Sulfate
What is the clinical presentation of pre-eclampsia?
hypertension
proteinuria
pitting edema
What is the clinical picture of eclampsia?
same as pre-eclampsia but w/ seizures or convulsions
Should BUN be increase or decreased in normal pregnancy?
decreased in normal pregnancy
Should GFR be increased or decreased in normal pregnancy?
Increased
What do we find in lab. for pre/eclampsia? BUN Uric Acid Serum Creatinine GFR transaminases
BUN increased uric acid increased creatinine increased GFR decreased transaminases increased
Schistocytes/anemia/thrombocytopenia
What kind of plancenta do Siamese twins have?
Monochorionic Monoamniotic planceta