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USMLE > Micro mix usmle > Flashcards

Micro mix usmle Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Lactose formers

A

“CEEK”

Citrobacter

Enterobacter

E.Coli (K1 capsule most important)

Klebsiella

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2
Q

Non lactose formers

A

“SHYPS”

Shigella

Yersinia enterolytica (AKA Pestis)

Proteus

Salmonella

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3
Q

May lack color

A

“These rascals may microscopically lack color”:

Treponema

Ricksetta

Mycobacterium

Mycoplasma

Legionella

Chlamydia

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4
Q

­ cAMP

A

“CAPE”

Cholera

Anthracis (Poly D glutamate capsule)

Pertusis (via Gi)

E.coli (LT enterotoxin)

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5
Q

Have Capsules [ie… are Quellung Reaction (+)]

A

“Some killers have pretty nice capsules”

Strep. Pneumoniae

Klebsiella

HiB

Pseudamona Aeroginosa

Neisseria meningitis

Cryptococcus neoformans (only encapsulated fungal pathogen)

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6
Q

Dimorphic Fungi

A

“Can Also Have Both Shapes”

Cocciodes

Aspergillus

Histolpasma

Blastomyces

Sprothrix schenkii

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7
Q

Have b Prophage

A

“OBED”

O = Salmonella

B = Botulinum

E = Erythrogenic strep

D = Diptheria

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8
Q

Spore Forming Bacteria

A

Bacilus & Clostridium (have calcium di-picolinate)

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9
Q

IgA Proteases

A

Neisseria, Haemophilus, S. pneumoniae

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10
Q

Widal Test

A

Salmonella (Salmonella begins in the ileocecal region) agglutination indicates Abs to O, H, Vi Salmunella Ags

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11
Q

Wayson’s Stain

A

Yersinia

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12
Q

Pneumonic Plaque Transmission

A

Person to person cf w/ Bubonic plaque that was via infected flea

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13
Q

Splenectomy

A

Predisposes to septicemia

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14
Q

Invasins

A

Yersinia pseudotuberculosis

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15
Q

Fusiform

A

Vincent’s trench mouth

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16
Q

S. viridans

A

Dextran mediated adherence

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17
Q

Obligate Aerobes

A

Pseudomonas & Mycobacterium

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18
Q

Obligate Anaerobes

A

Clostridium, Actinomyces, Bacteroides

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19
Q

Staph aureus

A

A Protein, Catalase +/ Coagulase +

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20
Q

Spirochetes

A

Treponema, Borrelia, Leptospira

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21
Q

Non Motile Gram (+) Rods

A

Corenybacterium D & Nocardia

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22
Q

Acid Fast Organisms

A

Mycobacterium; Cryptosporidium; Nocardia (partially); Legionella micdadei; Isospora

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23
Q

Pigment Producing Bacteria

A

Serratia – red (can cause pseudohemoptysis)

Pseudomonas A – piocyanin blue/green

Staph Aureus – yellow – Protein A

Mycobacteria – photo/scoto chromogenic – caritinoid – yellow/orange

Corneybacterium D – black/gray – pseudomembrane plaque in throat

Bacteroides (Porphyromonas) melaninogenicus – black (heme)

E. coli – irredescent green sheen

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24
Q

Bacterial Morphology

A

Pneumococci – lancet shaped diplococci

Neisseria – kidney bean shaped diplococci

Camphylobacter – gulls’ wings/comas

Vibrio Cholera – coma shaped

Corneybacterium D – club shaped (nonmotile, G+Rod)

Yersinia – safety pin seen in Wayson’s stain

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25
Q

Inclusion Bodies

A

Rabies – Negri bodies – intracytoplasmic

Pox virus – Guarnieri – intracytoplasmic & acidophilic

CMV – Owl’s eyes – intracytoplasmic & intranuclear

HSV – Cowdry bodies – intranuclear

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26
Q

Schistosoma Japonicum Monsoni

A

Intestinal – contact w/ bad water

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27
Q

Schistosoma Haematolium

A

Vesicular – contact w/ bad water

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28
Q

Non Human Schistosom

A

Swimmer’s itch – contact w/ bad water

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29
Q

Clonorchichis

A

Chinese liver fluke – eating raw fish. Txt: Praziquantel

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30
Q

Fasciola Hepatica

A

Sheep – eating raw fish. Txt: Praziquantel

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31
Q

Fasciola Biski

A

Giant intestinal flukes – eating raw fish. Txt: Praziquantel

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32
Q

Paragonimus Westermani

A

Lung fluke – eating raw fish. Txt: Praziquantel

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33
Q

Oxidase (+)

A

Neiserria and most Gram (-)s

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34
Q

Micro Aerophilic

A

Camphylobacter & Helicobacter

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35
Q

Urease (+)

A

All Proteus – can cause Staghorn/Struvite calculi (NH4- Mg2- stones): alkaline urine

Ureaplasma

Campylobacter pylori (Helicobacter)

Cryptococcus

Nocardia

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36
Q

Coagulase (+)

A

Staph A & Yersenia pestis

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37
Q

Obligate Intracellular Bacteria

A

Chlamydia Pistacci (Chlamydia do not make own ATP); Mycobacterium Leprae; all Rickettsia except Roachalimea (make suficient ATP to survive)

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38
Q

Protozoa

A

Plasmodium; Toxoplasma ghondi; Babesin; Leishmania; Trypanosoma Cruzi

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39
Q

Obligate Non Intracellular Parasites

A

Treponema palidum & Pneumocystis Carinii (cannot be cultured on inert media but can be found extra cellularly in the body)

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40
Q

Haemophilus Factors

A

X = Protoporphyrin & V = NAD

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41
Q

All cocci are

A

Gram (+) except for Neisseria & Moraxella

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42
Q

“Eaton Fried Eggs”

A

Mycoplasma pneumoniae has fried egg colonies on Eaton agar (needs cholesterol)

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43
Q

Mycoplasma

A

No cell wall. Membrane has cholesterol. Smallest living bacteria.

P1 protein inhs ciliary action

Fried egg colonies

Atypical pneumonia – young adults

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44
Q

Sabrands

A

Fungal media

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45
Q

Malassazia furfur

A

Spaghetti & meat ball

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46
Q

Measles’ 3C’s

A

Cough – Coryza – Conjunctivitis. Can also have photophobia

May lead to subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis

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47
Q

Non Motile Bacilli & Clostridium

A

B. Anthracis & C. Perfringens

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48
Q

Bloody diarrhea agents

A

EIEC – EHEC – Shigella - Yersenia enterocolitica – Entaemeba histolytica – Salmonella – Campylobacter jejuni

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49
Q

YW-135CA

A

N. meningitidis vaccine capsualr polysaccharide strains

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50
Q

Indian Ink

A

Cryptococcus neoformans

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51
Q

Naegleria causes

A

Colonization in the nasal passages after swimming

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52
Q

Need Cysyeine for growth

A

“Ella likes cysteine”:

Francisella

Brucella

Legionella

Pasturella

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53
Q

Endotoxins, G(+) or G(-)

A

Gram (-): N. meningitidis

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54
Q

Ecthyma Gangrenosum, seen w/

A

Pseudomonas aeroginosa. Target shaped skin lesions w/ a black center and red ring surrounding the lesion

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55
Q

Endospores G(+)

A

Gram (+): Bacillus & Clostridium – made up of dipicolinate & Keratin

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56
Q

Multi Brain Abscess

A

Nocardia

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57
Q

Single Brain Abscess

A

Actinomyces israelli

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58
Q

­ risk for Strep pneum Infection

A

Asplenic; Sickle cell anemia; immunocompromising illness

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59
Q

a Hemolysis/Optochin Sensitive

A

Strep. Pneumoniae

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60
Q

a Hemolysis/Optochin Resistant

A

Strep. Viridans (Subacute Endocarditis)

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61
Q

Staph. Saprophyticus

A

Novobiocin Resistant (UTIs)

62
Q

Staph. Epidermidis

A

Novobiocin sensitive (Endocarditis in IVDUs)

63
Q

b Hemolysis/Bacitracin Sensitive

A

Strep. Pyogenes (pharyngitis; Scarlet fever; cellulitis; impetigo; Rheumatic fever))

Hyaluronic capsule; non-motile; M proteins; Endotoxin A

64
Q

b Hemolysis/Bacitracin Resistant

A

Strep. Agalactiae (Diabetes predisposes to infection)

65
Q

EFII Ribosylation

A

Diphtheria toxin & Pseudomonas exotoxon A

66
Q

Bacillus Anthracis: 3 toxins

A

Protective Antigen (PA)

Lethal Factor = toxic to macrophages

Edema Factor = Increases cAMP

67
Q

Woolsorter’s Disease

A

Bacillus anthracis. DOC: Penicillin

68
Q

Grows in Rice

A

Bacillus Cereus

69
Q

Clostridium Perfringens

A

Double Zone b Hemolysis (test)

Lecithinase: a toxin = lyses RBCs

80% of gas gangrene (myonecrosis) cases

70
Q

Clostridium Difficile

A

2 Toxins: Enterotoxin (Exotoxin A) & Cytotoxin (Exotoxin B)

Pseudomembranous colitis (can be precipitated by clindamycin/ampicillin)

71
Q

Spastic Paralysis toxin

A

Clostridium Tetani toxin

72
Q

Clostridium Botulinum

A

Bad canned foods have neurotoxin = flaccid paralysis (block Ach release)

73
Q

Infant Botulinum

A

Floppy Baby Syndrome. Pre formed toxin in honey

74
Q

Thayer Martin Agar

A

Neisseria ID

75
Q

DOC for N. gonorrhoeae

A

Ceftriazone

76
Q

K1 E. Coli Capsular Ag

A

Related w/ neonateal meningitis

77
Q

The A’s of Klebsiella

A

Alcoholics

Aspiration pneumonia

Abscesses in the lungs

78
Q

Rice H2O Diarrhea

A

Vibrio Cholera: metabolic acidosis

79
Q

Raw seafood intoxicaiton

A

Vibrio parahemolyticus

80
Q

Helicobacter Txt

A

Bismuth salts; Metronidazole; Tetracycline (or amoxicillin)

81
Q

­ risk of P. aeroginosa infection

A

Burn patients & Cystic fibrosis

82
Q

Contact lens’ infection

A

Pseudomonas aeroginosa

83
Q

Cat Bites

A

Pasteurella multocida

84
Q

Undulant Fever

A

Brucella

85
Q

Bordet Gengou Agar

A

Bordetella pertusis ID

86
Q

Lowenstein-Jensen medium

A

M. tuberculosis ID

87
Q

Cat Scratch Disease

A

Bartonella henselae. Leion can resemble Kaposi’s sarcoma.

Toxoplasmosis

88
Q

Pink Eye

A

Adenovirus (type 8)

89
Q

True Hemaphrodite

A

Testes & Ovaries are present

90
Q

Pseudo Hemaphrodite

A

External genitalia does not coincide w/ gonads

91
Q

Male Pseudo Hemaphrodite

A

Testicular Feminization

92
Q

HLA Genes Location

A

6p

93
Q

Parvovirus B19

A

Fifth Disease: Erythema Infectiosum (ssDNA). Linked w/ sicle cell anemia

94
Q

Interferon MOA

A

Inhibits viral replication (translation or transcription)

95
Q

Acute Hemorrhagic Conjunctivitis

A

Seen w/ infections from Enterovirus & Coxsackie A

96
Q

Parainfluenza Causes…

A

Croup (Laryngotracheobronchitis)

97
Q

Swimming Pool Conjunctivitis

A

Adenovirus (types 3 & 4)

98
Q

RSV

A

Bronchiolitis in infants

99
Q

Removed tonsils, find what virus

A

In 80%, Adenovirus. In the immunosuppressed, activation can occur

100
Q

Bone Fever

A

Dengue: Group B Togavirus, from the Arbovirus, transmitted by mosquitos

101
Q

HbsAg

A

Appears in blood soon after infection, before onset of acute illness

Disappears w/in 4-6 months after the start of clinical illness

102
Q

HbeAg

A

Appears early acute phase, indicates higher risk of transmitting the disease

Disappears before HbsAg is gone

103
Q

Anti-Hbc

A

Present in beginning of clinical illness

Seen in the “window phase”

104
Q

Filamentous Bacteria

A

Actinomycetes = Nocardia; Actinomyces; Streptomyces

105
Q

Listeria contaminates

A

Milk, cheese, vegetables (coleslaw) in recent infections

106
Q

Shiga like Toxin

A

E. Coli 0157/H7: Hemorrhagic colitis & Hemorrhagic uremic syndrome

107
Q

Necrotizing Fasciitis

A

Group A Streptococci

108
Q

Relapsing Fever

A

Borrelia recurrentis

109
Q

Loffler’s Medium

A

Corneybacterium diphtheriae

110
Q

Chlamydiae Developmental Cycle

A

Elementary Body: infeccious particle that Enters the cell

Reticulate Body: made from elementary body. Replicates, differentiates and releases elementary bodies to infect other cells

W/ infection you will see Glycogen containing inclusions

Cell wall lacks muramic acid

111
Q

Trench Fever

A

Rochalimaea quintana

112
Q

“Spotted Fever” Members

A

Rickettssia rickettsii (RMSF) & R. akari (rickettsial pox) in the U.S.

R. sibirica (tick typhus in China) & R. australis (typhus in Australia)

113
Q

Thrush Txt

A

Nystatin txts candidiasis of the mouth

114
Q

Rose Bush Thorns

A

Have Sporothrix schenckii

115
Q

Contact lens solution infection

A

Acanthamoeba

116
Q

Filiariasis Causant

A

Wucheria bancrofti (infection aka elephantitis & wucheriasis

117
Q

Freshwater lake infection

A

Causes amebic meningoencephalitis due to Naegleria fowleri

118
Q

Reduviid bug bite

A

Transmits Trypanoma cruzi (Chagas’ disease): Romana’s Sign

119
Q

Schistosoma Haematobium causes

A

Bladder calcificaiton & cancer

120
Q

Schistosoma Mansoni causes

A

Presinusoidal HTN, splenomagaly, esophageal varices

121
Q

Snail, intermediate host of…

A

Schistosomiasis

122
Q

Ixodes scapularis transmits

A

Babesia (clinically rembles malaria) & Borelia burgdorferi

123
Q

Nantucket Protozoa

A

Babesia microt

124
Q

Infection by Reduviid Bug

A

Trypansoma cruzi: Chagas’ Disease

125
Q

Infection by TseTse Fly

A

Trypansoma brucei gambiense & rhodiense: African Sleeping Sickness

126
Q

Infection by Sandfly

A

Leishmaniasis: Mucocutaneous Diseases by L. braziliensis & Visceral Disease by L. donovani & Dermal Leishman by L. tropica, mexicana, peruviana

127
Q

Infection by Ixodes Tick

A

Babesia microti: Babesiosis & Borrelia burgdorferi: Lyme Disease

128
Q

Infection by Anopheles Mosquito

A

Malaria

129
Q

Trophozoites w/ “Face-Like” Appearance

A

Giardia lamblia

130
Q

Nonseptate Hyphae

A

Zygomycosis: Rhizopus & Mucor. Only mycosis w/o septate. Infect Ketoacidotic Diabetics.

131
Q

Histoplasmosis Geography

A

Ohio, Mississippi, Misouri River valleys

132
Q

Coocidioidomycosis Geography

A

Southwestern deserts, California

133
Q

Blastomycosis Geography

A

States east of Mississippi River

134
Q

Paracoccidioidomycosis Geography

A

Latin America

135
Q

Roseola Infection, aka

A

Exanthema Subitum: “Sixth Disease” (Human Herpes Virus-6 dsDNA, enveloped)

136
Q

Herpangina

A

“Hand-Foot-and-Mouth” Disease: Coxsackie A (Picornavirus +ssRNA)

137
Q

Orthomyxovirus

A

–ssRNA, enveloped virus.

Spike Glycoproteins (peplomeres): HA = Hemagluttinin & NA = Neuraminidase. These peplomeres are what give the virus antigenis variation

Influenza A & B

138
Q

Paramyxovirus

A

–RNA, enveloped. Most common cause of respiratory infections in kids

Mumps

Croup(Parainfluenza virus)

Rubeola(Measles virus)

RSV

139
Q

Togavirus

A

+ssRNA, enveloped

3 Day Measles: German Measles: Rubella/ Rubivirus

Encephalitis viruses: Alphaviruses: Eastern (more severe) and Western Equine Encephalitis

140
Q

Flaviviris

A

Dengue Fever – icterus & hemorrhage w/ blac vomit

Yellow fever

St. Louis Encephalitis – no hepatitis or hemorrhage

141
Q

Bunyavirus

A

–ssRNA, enveloped

California Encephalitis – severe bifrontal headaches

Hantavirus – hemorrhagic fever w/ acute resp. distress syndrome

142
Q

IgA Protease Activity

A

H. Influenzae (needs factors V & X for growth)

Strep. Pneumoniae

N. meningitidis

N. gonnorhoae

W/ this activity these bugs are able to colonize the oral mucosa.

143
Q

Diphtheria: ABCDEFG

A

Adenopathy

b Prophage encodes the exotoxin

Corneybacteria is Club shaped

Diphtheria

Elongation Factor II

Granules (metachromatic)

144
Q

Only ssDNA

A

Parvovirus: “Part of a virus”

145
Q

Only dsRNA

A

Reovirus, “RepeatOvirus”

146
Q

Naked RNA

A

“Naked for CPR”: Calcivirus; Picornovirus; Reovirus

147
Q

2 circular DNAs

A

Papovavirus & Hepadnavirus

148
Q

BK

A

Papovavirus. Seen in kidney transplant patients (causes renal disease)

149
Q

Hepadna, Retrovirus?

A

No, but has reverse transcriptase

150
Q

Picornovirus: “PERCH”

A

Poiliovirus; Echo; Rhino; Coxsackie; Hep A

151
Q

Hemorrhagic Fevers

A
  1. Filovirus & Bunyavirus (Hantavirus)

USMLE (13 decks)

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