Microbiology Superset RidEZ - Part 4 Flashcards
1
Q
Medical importance of HSV-1
A
- Oral (and some genital) lesions (Gingivostomatitis)
- Keratoconjunctivitis
- Temporal lobe encephalitis
2
Q
Medical importance of HSV-2
A
Genital (and some oral) lesions
3
Q
Medical importance of VZV
A
- Chickenpox
- Shingles
- Encephalitis
- Pneumonia
4
Q
Medical importance of EBV
A
- Mononucleosis
2. Burkitt’s lymphoma
5
Q
Medical importance of CMV
A
- Infection in immunosuppressed (especially transplant)
- Congenital defects
- Mononucleosis (negativie Monospot)
- Pneumonia
6
Q
Medical importance of HHV-6
A
Roseola (exanthem subitum):
- High fever lasting 3 to 5 days which resolves and is followed by a…
- Rash: mostly on trunk, lasting a day or two
7
Q
Medical importance of HHV-8
A
Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus
8
Q
List of important Herpesviruses
A
HSV 1 and 2, VZV, EBV, CMV, HHV 6 and 8
9
Q
Medical importance of Adenovirus
A
- Febrile pharyngitis (sore throat)
- Pneumonia
- Conjunctivitis (pink eye)
10
Q
Medical importance of Parvovirus
A
B19 virus causes:
- Aplastic crises in sickle cell disease
- “slapped cheeks” rash—erythema infectiosum (fifth disease)
- Hydrops fetalis
11
Q
List of Papova viruses
A
- PApilloma
- POlyoma (human BK and JC)
- Simian VAcuolating virus (does not affect humans)
12
Q
Medical importance of Papilloma virus
A
causes warts and cervical cancer, including CIN (cervical intraepithelial neoplasia)
13
Q
Medical importance of JC virus
A
Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in HIV
14
Q
List of Pox viruses
A
- Smallpox
- Vaccinia (cowpox “milkmaid’s blisters”)
- Molluscum contagiosum
15
Q
List of Picornaviruses
A
Mnemonic: PERCH on a “peak”
- Poliovirus
- Echovirus
- Rhinovirus
- Coxsackievirus
- HAV
16
Q
Medical importance of Poliovirus
A
Fecal-oral transmission
17
Q
What is IPV?
A
Inactivated polio vaccine (Salk)
18
Q
What is OPV?
A
Oral Polio vaccine (Sabin)
19
Q
Medical importance of Echovirus
A
Aseptic meningitis
20
Q
Medical importance of Rhinovirus
A
“common cold”
21
Q
Medical importance of Coxsackie virus
A
- Aseptic meningitis
- herpangina-febrile pharyngitis
- hand, foot, and mouth disease
- myocarditis
22
Q
List of Caliciviruses
A
HEV, Norwalk virus
23
Q
Medical importance of Norwalk virus
A
viral gastroenteritis
24
Q
List of Reoviruses
A
Reovirus, Rotavirus
25
Medical importance of Reovirus sp.
Colorado tick fever
26
Medical importance of Rotavirus
#1 cause of fatal diarrhea in children
27
Medical importance of Flavivirus
1. HCV
2. Yellow fever
3. Dengue
4. St. Louis encephalitis
5. West Nile virus
28
List of Arboviruses
Arboviruses are ARthropod BOrne viruses
1. Togaviridae
2. Flaviviridae
3. Bunyaviridae
29
Medical importance of Togaviruses
1. Rubella (German measles)
2. Eastern equine encephalitis
3. Western equine encephalitis
30
List of Retroviruses
1. HIV
| 2. HTLV
31
Medical importance of Coronavirus
1. common cold
| 2. SARS
32
Medical importance of Orthomyxovirus
Influenza
33
List of Paramyxoviruses
PaRaMyxovirus
1. Parainfluenza
2. RSV
3. Measles
4. Mumps
34
Medical importance of Parainfluenza
croup
35
Medical importance of RSV
Bronchiolitis in babies. Treat with Ribavirin.
36
Medical importance of Rhabdoviruses
Rabies
37
Medical importance of Filoviruses
Ebola or Marburg hemorrhagic fever, both are often fatal
38
Medical importance of Arenaviruses
1. LCV (lymphocytic choriomeningitis)
| 2. Meningitis (spread by mice)
39
Medical importance of LCV
lymphocytic choriomeningitis
40
Medical importance of Hantavirus
hemorrhagic fever, pneumonia
41
Medical importance of Bunyaviruses
1. California encephalitis
2. Sandfly/Rift Valley fevers
3. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever
4. Hantavirus
42
Characterize Picornaviruses
1. 1 large polypeptide that is cleaved by proteases into functional viral proteins
2. All except Rhino and HAV can cause aseptic meningitis
43
How many serotypes of Rhinovirus?
100
44
Mechanism of rotavirus diarrhea
Villous destruction with atrophy leads to decreased absorption of Na and water
45
How many serotypes of Paramyxovirus?
all viruses have 1 except parainfluenza which has 4
46
Signs and symptoms of mumps
Mnemonic: Mumps make your parotid glands and testes as big as POM-poms
1. Parotitis
2. Orchitis (inflammation of testes, can cause sterility especially after puberty)
3. Meningitis
47
Signs and symptoms of measles
1. Koplik spots (bluish-gray spots on buccal mucosa) diagnostic
2. Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (child, many years after measles infection, slowly progressing)
3. Encephalitis
4. Giant cell pneumonia (in immunosuppressed)
5. 3 Cs: (Cough, coryza, conjunctivitis)
6. Head to toe rash lasting 6 days (slowly dripping bucket of paint)
48
Antigens in influenza virus
Hemaglutinin and Neuraminidase
49
Difference between genetic drift and shift
Drift: Minor changes based on random mutation
Shift: Reassortment of viral genome (such as when flu A virus recombines with swine flu A virus)
Sudden Shift is more deadly than graDual Drift
50
Treatment for influenza
A only: Amantadine and rimantadine
A and B: Zanamivir and Oseltamivir (neuraminidase inhibitors) for both influenza A and B
51
What are negri bodies?
Characteristic cytoplasmic inclusions in neurons infected by rabies virus.
52
What shape is the rabies capsid?
Bullet shaped.
53
Mechanism of rabies disease
1. Animal bite
2. Virus travels to CNS in retrograde fashion up nerve axons
3. Incubates for weeks to 3 months
54
What does rabies cause?
Fatal enchephalitis with seizures and hydrophobia
55
How is rabies acquired?
US: Skunk, raccoon and bat bites
Abroad: Dog bites
56
What is dengue fever?
break-bone fever, caused by flaviviruses. A variant in Southeast Asia is hemorrhagic shock syndrome.
57
How is yellow fever transmitted?
Arbovirus, by Aedes mosquitos, from monkey or human reservoir
58
Signs and symptoms of yellow fever
1. High fever
2. Black vomitus
3. Jaundice
4. Councilman bodies in liver (nonspecific)
59
How is HSV-1 transmitted?
Respiratory secretions and saliva
60
How is HSV-2 transmitted?
Sexual contact and perinatally
61
How is VZV transmitted?
Respiratory secretions
62
How is EBV transmitted?
Respiratory secretions, saliva
63
How is CMV transmitted?
1. Congenital
2. Transfusion
3. Sexual contact
4. Saliva
5. Urine
6. Transplant
64
How is HHV-8 transmitted?
Sexual contact
65
Treatment for CMV
Ganciclovir or Foscarnet
66
What kind of cell does Epstein Barr virus infect?
B cells
67
How does mononucleosis present?
1. Fever
2. Hepatosplenomegaly
3. Pharyngitis
4. Lymphadenopathy (especially posterior auricular nodes)
68
Peak incidence of mononucleosis
15-20 years old (peak kissing years)
69
Laboratory diagnosis of mononucleosis
1. Monospot test: Heterophil antibodies detected by agglutination of sheep RBCs. In EBV, positive. In CMV, negative.
2. Abnormal circulating CD8 cells.
70
Tzanck test
Smear of opened skin vesicle to detect multinucleated giant cells. Used to assay for HSV-1, HSV-2, VZV
Mnem: Tzanck heavens I do not have herpes. (helps if you do it in an eastern european accent)
71
HAV: Virus family, nucleic acid type, envelope, incubation period, transmission, carriers
```
Virus family: ssRNA picornavirus
Envelope: no
Incubation period: Short (3 weeks)
Transmission: Fecal-oral
Carriers: No
```
72
HBV: Virus family, nucleic acid type, envelope, incubation period, transmission, carriers
```
Virus family: dsDNA hepadna virus
Envelope: yes
Incubation period: Long (3 months)
Transmission: Parenteral, sexual, in utero
Carriers: Yes
```
73
HCV: Virus family, nucleic acid type, envelope, incubation period, transmission, carriers
```
Virus family: ssRNA flavivirus
Envelope: yes
Incubation period: Variable (2 weeks to 5 months)
Transmission: Blood
Carriers: Yes
```
74
HDV: Virus family, nucleic acid type, envelope, incubation period, transmission, carriers
Virus family: ssRNA deltavirus
Envelope: yes
Incubation period: Variable (2 weeks to 2 months)
Transmission: Parenteral, sexual, in utero
Carriers: Yes
75
HEV: Virus family, nucleic acid type, envelope, incubation period, transmission, carriers
```
Virus family: ssRNA calicivirus
Envelope: no
Incubation period: Variable (2 weeks to 2 months)
Transmission: Fecal-oral
Carriers: No
```
76
Characterize Hepatitis A
1. Asymptomatic (usually)
2. Acute
3. Alone (no carriers; naked ssRNA)
77
Characterize Hepatitis B
Blood borne
78
Characterize Hepatitis C
1. Chronic
2. Cirrhosis
3. Carcinoma
4. Carriers
79
Characterize Hepatitis D
1. Defective
| 2. Dependent on HBV
80
Characterize Hepatitis E
1. Enteric
2. Expectant mothers (high mortality rate)
3. Epidemics
81
What does IgM HAVAb measure?
IgM antibody to HAV. Best test to detect active Hepatitis A.
82
What does HBsAg measure?
HBV surface antigen. Continued presence indicates carrier state.
83
What does HBsAb measure?
Antibody to HBsAg. Provides immunity to hepatitis B.
84
What does HBcAg measure?
Antigen associated with core of HBV, doesn't seem to be measured.
85
What does HBcAb measure?
Antibody to core antigen. Positive during window period (no HBsAg or HBsAb detected). IgM HBcAb is an indicator of recent disease.
86
What does HBeAg measure?
A second different antigenic determinant in the HBV core. Important indicator of transmissibility. (BEware!)
87
What does HBeAb measure?
Antibody to e antigen; indicates low transmissibility.
88
Characterize this patient:
HBsAg is positive;
HBsAb is negative;
HBcAb is positive;
Acute disease. (HBcAb is IgM in acute stage, and IgG in chronic or recovered stage.)
89
Characterize this patient:
HBsAg is negative;
HBsAb is negative;
HBcAb is positive;
Window phase, follows acute infection.
90
Characterize this patient:
HBsAg is negative;
HBsAb is positive;
HBcAb is positive;
Complete recovery.
91
Characterize this patient:
HBsAg is positive;
HBsAb is negative;
HBcAb is positive;
Chronic carrier. (Surface antibody is present, but bound to surface antigen.)
92
What is gag?
Gene that encodes for p24 capsid, the nucleocapsid in HIV
93
What is env?
Gene that encodes for gp41 and gp120 proteins, the envelope proteins in HIV.
94
What is p17?
Interior envelope protein in HIV
95
What is p24?
Nucleocapsid protein in HIV, coded for by gag gene.
96
What is gp41?
Envelope protein which traverses bilayer. If it is a mushroom stalk, then gp120 is the head. Both coded for by env.
97
What is gp120?
Envelope protein that serves as mushroom cap to gp41 stalk. Both coded for by env.
98
What is pol?
Gene which codes for HIV reverse transcriptase
99
HIV diagnostic tests
Presumptive diagnosis: ELISA (sensitive, high false-positive rate, and low threshhold)
Confirmation: Western blot assay (specific, high false-negative rate, and high threshold)
PCR viral load used to monitor drug therapy on viral load
100
Timeframe for HIV diagnosis
ELISA/Western blot often:
Falsely negative in first 1-2 months of HIV infection
Falsely positive initially in babies born to infected mothers (anti-gp120 crosses placenta)
101
AIDS diagnosis
One of the following:
1. less than 200 CD4 cells
2. HIV positive with AIDS indicator condition (eg pneumocystis infection)
3. CD4/CD8 ratio less than 1.5
102
CCR5 mutation: What does it mean?
HIV susceptibility.
Homozygous means immunity, heterozygous means slower course (long-term non production)
103
CXCR1 mutation
HIV susceptibility. Rapid progression to AIDS.
104
What is the likelihood of CCR5 mutation?
% of US caucasians
Homozygous: 1
Heterozygous: 20
105
Relative HIV-related levels aproximately 1.5 months after infection
In descending order:
1. CD4 lymphocytes (initial trough)
2. Virus p24 antigen (initial peak)
3. Anti-p24 Ab
4. Anti-gp120 Abs
Highest period of acute symptoms
106
Relative HIV-related levels aproximately 2 months after infection
In descending order:
1. CD4 lymphocytes (rise from initial trough back to near pre-infection levels before leveling out [the mark of end of acute symptoms])
2. Anti-p24 Ab (Reaching peak [not reached until approximately 3 years])
3. Anti-gp120 Abs (Reaching peak [not reached until approximately 3 years])
4. Virus p24 antigen (very low levels)
107
Relative HIV-related levels more than 3 years after infection: Early phase
In descending order:
1. CD4 lymphocytes (begins linear descent)
2. Anti-p24 Ab (descent begins at faster rate than CD4)
3. Anti-gp120 Abs (slow descent begins)
4. Virus p24 antigen (slow rise)
108
Relative HIV-related levels more than 3 years after infection: First middle phase
In descending order:
1. CD4 lymphocytes (continues linear descent)
2. Anti-gp120 Abs (slow descent continues)
3. Anti-p24 Ab (having dropped below Anti-gp120, descent continues at slower rate)
4. Virus p24 antigen (fast rise begins)
109
Relative HIV-related levels more than 3 years after infection: Second middle phase
In descending order:
1. CD4 lymphocytes (continues linear descent)
AND
1. Virus p24 antigen (already passed gp-120 Abs and about to pass CD4 lymphocytes)
3. Anti-gp120 Abs (slow descent continues)
3. Anti-p24 Ab (approximately 1/3 amount of p24 antigen, slow descent continues)
110
Relative HIV-related levels more than 3 years after infection: Third middle phase
In descending order:
1. Virus p24 antigen (already passed gp-120 Abs and about to pass CD4 lymphocytes)
2. CD4 lymphocytes (continues linear descent, about to drop below anti-g120 Abs)
3. Anti-gp120 Abs (slow descent continues)
4. Anti-p24 Ab (approximately 1/3 to 1/4 amount of p24 antigen, slow descent continues)
111
Relative HIV-related levels more than 3 years after infection: Late phase
In descending order:
1. Virus p24 antigen (leveled out at nearly 20x anti-p24 antibody)
2. Anti-gp120 Abs (little less than half p24 antigen)
3. Anti-p24 Ab (1/20 amount of p24 antigen)
AND
3. CD4 lymphocytes
112
Opportunistic infections and disease in AIDS attacking the brain
1. Cryptococcal meningitis
2. Toxoplasmosis
3. CMV encephalopathy
4. AIDS dementia
5. PML (JC virus)
113
Opportunistic infections and disease in AIDS attacking the eyes
CMV retinitis
114
Opportunistic infections and disease in AIDS attacking the mouth and throat
1. Thrush (Candida albicans)
2. HSV
3. CMV
4. Oral hairy leukoplakia (EBV)
115
Opportunistic infections and disease in AIDS attacking the lungs
1. Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP)
2. TB
3. Histoplasmosis
116
Opportunistic infections and disease in AIDS attacking the GI tract
1. Cryptosporidiosis
2. Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex
3. CMV colitis
4. non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (EBV)
117
Opportunistic infections and disease in AIDS attacking the skin
1. Shingles (VZV)
| 2. Kaposi's sarcoma (HHV-8)
118
Opportunistic infections and disease in AIDS attacking the genitals
1. Genital herpes
2. Genital warts
3. Cervical cancer (HPV)
119
When does HIV encephalitis occur?
Late in the course of HIV infection
120
Mechanism of HIV encephalitis
Virus gains CNS access via infected macrophages
121
Pathologic presentation of HIV encephalitis
Microglial nodules with multinucleated giant cells
122
What are prions?
Infectious agents that do not contain RNA or DNA, only proteins, that are encoded by cellular genes.
123
Diseases caused by prions
1. Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
2. Kuru
3. Scrapie (in sheep)
4. Mad cow disease (association with human spongiform encephalopathy)
5. Fatal familial insomnia
124
What is Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
Prion caused disease with rapid progressive dementia
125
Mechanism of prion pathology
Normal proteins (alpha-helices) become pathologic (beta-pleated sheets)
126
Dominant normal flora of dental plaque
Streptococcus mutans
127
Dominant normal flora of the skin
Staphylococcus epidermidis
128
Dominant normal flora of the nose
Staphylococcus aureus
129
Dominant normal flora of the colon
1. Bacteroides fragilis
| 2. E. coli
130
Dominant normal flora of the vagina
1. Lactobacillus
2. E. coli
3. Group B strep
131
Dominant normal flora in neonates
When delivered by cesarean section, none, but are rapidly colonized after birth.
132
Most common causes of pneumonia in people 6 weeks to 18 years old.
1. Viruses (RSV)
2. Mycoplasma
3. Chlamydia pneumoniae
4. Streptococcus pneumoniae
133
Most common causes of pneumonia in people 18 to 40 years old.
1. Mycoplasma
2. Chlamydia pneumoniae
3. Streptococcus pneumoniae
134
Most common causes of pneumonia in people 40 to 65 years old.
1. Streptococcus pneumoniae
2. Haemophilus influenzae
3. Anaerobes
4. Viruses
5. Mycoplasma
135
Most common causes of pneumonia in people over 65 years old.
1. Streptococcus pneumoniae
2. Anaerobes
3. Viruses
4. Haemophilus influenzae
5. Gram negative rods
136
Most common causes of nosocomial pneumonia
1. Staphylococcus
| 2. Gram negative rods
137
Most common causes of immunocompromised pneumonia
1. Staphylococcus
2. Gram negative rods
3. Fungi
4. Viruses
5. Pneumocystis jirovecii (with HIV)
138
Most common causes of aspiration pneumonia
Anaerobes
139
Most common causes of pneumonia in alcoholics or IV drug users
1. Streptococcus pneumoniae
2. Klebsiella
3. Staphylococcus
140
Most common causes of postviral pneumonia
1. Staphylococcus
| 2. Haemophilus influenzae
141
Most common causes of neonatal pneumonia
1. Group B streptococci
| 2. E. coli
142
Most common causes of atypical pneumonia
1. Mycoplasma
2. Legionella
3. Chlamydia
143
Causes of bacterial meningitis in: people 0-6 months old
1. Group B streptococci
2. E. coli
3. Listeria
All from birth canal
144
Causes of bacterial meningitis in: people 6 months to 6 years old
1. Streptococcus pneumoniae
2. Neisseria meningitidis
3. Haemophilus influenzae type B
4. Enteroviruses
145
Causes of bacterial meningitis in: people 6 years to 60 years old
1. Neisseria meningitidis
2. Enteroviruses
3. Streptococcus pneumoniae
4. HSV
146
Causes of bacterial meningitis in: people greater than 60 years old
1. Streptococcus pneumoniae
2. Gram negative rods
3. Listeria
147
```
What is the cause of meningitis with the following findings?:
Pressure: Increased
Cell type: Increased PMNs
Protein: Increased
Sugar: Decreased
```
Bacterial (not TB)
148
```
What is the cause of meningitis with the following findings?:
Pressure: Increased
Cell type: Increased lymphocytes
Protein: Increased
Sugar: Decreased
```
Fungal or TB
149
```
What is the cause of meningitis with the following findings?:
Pressure: Normal/Increased
Cell type: Increased lymphocytes
Protein: Normal
Sugar: Normal
```
Viral
150
Common causes of osteomyelitis in most people.
Staphylococcus aureus
151
Common causes of osteomyelitis in sexually active people.
Neisseria gonorrhoeae (rare), septic arthritis more common
152
Common causes of osteomyelitis in diabetics.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
153
Common causes of osteomyelitis in drug addicts.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
154
Common causes of osteomyelitis in people with sickle cell disease.
Salmonella
155
Common causes of osteomyelitis in people with prosthetic replacement
Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis
156
Common causes of vertebral osteomyelitis
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Pott's disease)
157
Common causes of urinary tract infections in ambulatory people
Mostly ascending infections
1. E. coli (50-80%)
2. Staphylococcus saprophyticus (10-30%) in young amubulatory women
3. Klebsiella (8-10%)
158
Common causes of urinary tract infections in the hospital
Mostly ascending infections
1. E. coli
2. Proteus
3. Klebsiella
4. Serratia
5. Pseudomonas
159
Epidemiology of urinary tract infections
Mostly ascending infections. Ratio of women:men is 10:1. (short urethra colonized by fecal flora)
Males:
1. Babies: Congenital defects.
2. Elderly: Enlarged prostates
160
Predisposing factors to urinary tract infections
1. Flow obstruction
2. Kidney surgery
3. Catheterization
4. Gynecologic abnormalities
5. Diabetes
6. Pregnancy
161
Signs and symptoms of urinary tract infections
1. Dysuria
2. Frequency
3. Urgency
4. Suprapubic pain
162
Signs and symptoms of pyelonephritis
1. Fever
2. Chills
3. Flank pain
4. Costovertebral angle tenderness
163
What disease states does Serratia marcescens cause?
Nosocomial (4th most common) and drug-resistant urinary tract infection
164
What bug: metallic sheen on EMB agar
E. coli
165
What disease states does Enterobacter cloacae cause?
Nosocomial and drug-resistant urinary tract infection
166
What disease states does Proteus mirablis cause?
Urinary tract infection. Urease positive, and associated with struvite stones. Motility causes "swarming" on agar.
167
List of bugs that cause UTI
SSEEK PP
1. Serratia marcescens (nosocomial/drug-resistant)
2. Staphylococcus saprophyticus (2nd most common cause in ambulatory young women)
3. E. coli (Most common cause. Metallic sheen on EMB agar)
4. Enterobacter cloacae (nosocomial and drug resistant)
5. Klebsiella (thick viscous colonies)
6. Proteus mirablis (urease positive, struvite stones, swarming on agar)
7. Pseudomonas Aeruginosa (blue-green pigment, fruity odor)
168
Most common causes of bronchitis/bronchiolitis
1. RSV
2. Influenza A
3. Coronavirus
All RNA viruses with envelope
169
How does gonorrhea present?
1. Urethritis
2. Cervicitis
3. PID
4. Prostatitis
5. Epididymitis
6. Arthritis
7. Creamy purulent discharge (mmm!)
170
What organism causes gonorrhea?
Neisseria gonorrheae aka Gonococcus
171
What organism causes syphilis?
Treponema pallidum
172
How does genital herpes present?
Painful ulcers on the:
1. Penis
2. Vulva
3. Cervix
173
What disease states does HPV 6 cause?
Condylomata acuminata: Genital warts and koilocytes
| same as HPV 11
174
What disease states does HPV 11 cause?
Condylomata acuminata: Genital warts and koilocytes
| same as HPV 6
175
What causes condylomata acuminata?
HPV 6 and 11
176
What causes condylomata lata?
Treponema pallidum
177
Condylomata lata vs Condylomata acuminata
Condyloma (plural: "Condylomata", from Greek "knob") refers to an infection of the genitals. The two subtypes are:
"condylomata acuminata", another term for genital warts - caused by human papilloma virus
"condylomata lata", white lesions associated with secondary syphilis
(copied from Wikipedia)
178
What disease states does Haemophilus ducreyi cause?
Chancroid:
1. Painful genital ulcer (red papule with yellow-gray exudate)
2. Inguinal adenopathy
179
How does Chancroid present?
1. Painful genital ulcer (red papule with yellow-gray exudate)
2. Inguinal adenopathy
180
What causes chancroid?
Haemophilus ducreyi
181
What is the Whiff test?
Several drops of a potassium hydroxide (KOH) solution are added to a sample of vaginal discharge to see whether a strong fishy odor is produced. A fishy odor on the whiff test usually means bacterial vaginosis is present.
182
How does bacterial vaginosis present?
Caused by Gardnerella vaginalis
1. Greenish vaginal discharge with fishy smell
2. Noninflammatory (nonpainful)
3. Mobiluncus (anaerobe) is also seen
4. Clue cells are visible (vaginal epithelium covered with bacteria)
5. Positive Whiff test
183
Top causes of PID
1. Chlamydia trachomatis (subacute, often undiagnosed)
2. Neisseria gonorrhoeae (acute, high fever)
3. Gardnerella
4. Trichomonas
184
Most common STD in the US
Chlamydia trachomatis (3-4 million cases per year)
185
Clinical presentation of PID
1. Cervical motion tenderness (chandelier sign)
2. Purulent cervical discharge
3. Possibly salpingitis, endrometritis, hydrosalpinx, or tubo-ovarian abscess
186
What is the chandelier sign?
Colloquial term referring to severe pain elicited during pelvic examination of patients with pelvic inflammatory disease in which the patient responds by reaching upwards towards the ceiling for relief.
Retrieved from "http://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Chandelier_sign"
187
What is salpingitis a risk factor for?
1. Ectopic pregnancy
2. Infertility
3. Chronic pelvic pain
4. Adhesions
188
Risk factor for nosocomial CMV infection.
Newborn nursery
189
Risk factor for nosocomial RSV infection.
Newborn nursery
190
Risk factor for nosocomial E. coli infection.
Urinary catheterization
191
Risk factor for nosocomial Proteus mirablis infection.
Urinary catheterization
192
Risk factor for nosocomial Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection.
Respiratory therapy equipment
193
Risk factor for nosocomial HBV infection.
Work in renal dialysis unit
194
Risk factor for nosocomial Candida albicans infection.
Hyperalimentation
195
Risk factor for nosocomial Legionella infection.
Water aerosols
196
2 most common causes of nosocomial infections
1. E. coli (UTI)
| 2. S. aureus (wound infection)
197
Infections dangerous in pregnancy
ToRCHeS
1. Toxoplasma
2. Rubella
3. CMV
4. HSV/HIV
5. Syphilis
198
What bugs: Hyaluronidase
1. Staphylococcus
2. Streptococcus pyogenes
3. Clostridium dificile
199
What bug: Pus
Staphylococcus aureus
200
What bug: Empyema
Staphylococcus aureus (means pus in a natural body cavity, not an abscess)
201
What bug: Abscess
Staphylococcus aureus
202
What bug: Pediatric infection
Haemophilus influenzae
203
Most common causes of pneumonia in people with cystic fibrosis.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
204
What bug: Branching rods in oral infection
Actinomyces israelii
205
What bug: Traumatic open wound infection
Clostridium perfringens
206
What bug: Surgical wound
Staphylococcus aureus
207
What bug: Dog or cat bite
Pasteurella multocida
208
What bug: Sepsis in a newborn
Group B Strep
209
What bug: Meningitis in a newborn
Group B Strep
210
Antimicrobial class with mechanism: Block cell wall synthesis by inhibition of peptidoglycan cross-linking
Mnemonic: It's forming its cell wall. ACT PAPI!
1. Aztreonam
2. Cephalosporins
3. Ticarcillin
4. Penicillin
5. Ampicillin
6. Piperacillin
7. Imipenem
211
Antimicrobial class with mechanism: Block peptidoglycan synthesis
1. Bacitracin
2. Vancomycin
3. Cycloserine
212
Antimicrobial class with mechanism: Disrupt bacterial cell membranes
Polymyxins
213
Antimicrobial class with mechanism: Disrupt fungal cell membranes
1. Amphotericin B
2. Nystatin
3. Fluconzaole/azoles
4. Polymyxins
214
Antimicrobial class with mechanism: Block nucleotide synthesis
1. Sulfonamides
| 2. Trimethprim
215
Antimicrobial class with mechanism: Block DNA topoisomerases
Quinolones
216
Antimicrobial class with mechanism: Block mRNA synthesis
Rifampin
217
Antimicrobial class with mechanism: Block protein synthesis at 50S ribosomal subunit
1. Chloramphenicol
2. Erythromycin/macrolides
3. Lincomycin
4. Clindamycin
5. Streptogramins (quinupristin, dalfopristin)
6. Linezolid
218
Antimicrobial class with mechanism: Block protein synthesis at 30S ribosomal subunit
1. Aminoglycosides
| 2. Tetracyclines
219
Bactericidal antibiotics
Mnemonic: Am I Safe using a Metropolitan Pen in a Van, Flo?
1. Aminoglycosides
2. Cephalosporins
3. Metronidazole
4. Penicillin
5. Vancomycin
6. Fluoroquinolones
