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USMLE > usmle- anatomy- neuro > Flashcards

usmle- anatomy- neuro Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

where are the preganglionic neuron cell bodies, the CNS or PNS

A

CNS

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2
Q

which three CNs send sensory information to the solitary nucleus

A

VII, IX, X

tast and general sensation for the tongue

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3
Q

vertebral artery or anterior spinal artery occlusion, resulting in contralateral corticospinal tract and medial lemniscus tract deficits and an ipsilateral CN XII lesion

A

medial medullary syndrome

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4
Q

contralateral corticospinal and medial lemniscus tract deficits and an ipsilateral medial strabismus secondary to a lesion in CN VI

A

medial pontine syndrome

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5
Q

slow growing acoustic neuroma producing CN VII deficiencies

A

pontocerebellar angle syndrome

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6
Q

occlusion of the PICA, resulting in ipsilateral limb ataxia, ipsilateral facial pain and temperature loss, contralateral pain and body themp loss, ipsilateral Horner’s, ipsilateral paralysis of the vocal cords, palate droop, dysphagia, nystagmus, vomiting, and vertigo

A

lateral medullary (Wallenberg’s) syndrome

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7
Q

AICA or superior cerebellar artery occlusion, resulting in ipsilateral limb ataxia, ipsilateral facial pain and temp loss, contralateral loss of pain and tem to the body, ipsi Horner’s syndrome, ipsi facial paralysis and hearing loss

A

lateral pontine syndrome

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8
Q

posterior cerebral art occlusion resulting in a contralateral corticospinal tract signs, contralateral corticobulbar signs to the lower face, and ipsi CN III palsy

A

medial midbrain (Weber’s) syndrome

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9
Q

CN affected if lesion in…

  1. midbrain
  2. upper medulla
  3. pontomedullary junction
  4. upper pons
A
  1. III and IV
  2. IX, X, XII
  3. VI, VII, VIII
  4. V
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10
Q

what is the only CN nucleus found in the cervical spinal cord

A

accessory nucleus

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11
Q

what component of the trigeminal nuclei…

  1. supplies mm of mastication
  2. receives sensory input (except pain and temp) from face, scalp, dura, and oral and nasal cavities
  3. forms the sensory comp of the jaw jerk complex
A
  1. motor nu
  2. spinal trigeminal nu
  3. mesencephalic nu
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12
Q

what deep cerebellar nuclei receive Purkinje cell projections in…

  1. floculonodular lobe
  2. vermis
  3. lateral cerebellar hemispheres
  4. intermediate hemispheres
A
  1. lateral vestibular nu
  2. fastigial nu
  3. interposed nu
  4. dentate nu
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13
Q

what is the only excitatory neuron in the cerebellar cortex, and what is its neurotransmitter

A

granule cell uses glutamate

all others use GABA

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14
Q

what three CNs are associated with conjugate eye movements

A

III
IV
VI

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15
Q

what is the term to describe the soft, flabby feel and diminished reflexes seen in patients with acute cerebellar injury to the deep cerebellar nuclei

A

hypotonia (rag doll)

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16
Q

what bedside test is used to differentiate a dorsal column lesion from a lesion in the vermis of the cerebral cortex

A

vermis- pos Romberg with eyes open

dorsal column- pos Romberg with eyes closed

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17
Q

which one of the cerebellar peduncles is mainly responsible for outgoing (efferent) info

A

superior cerebellar peduncle

the inferior and middle are incoming tracts

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18
Q

what tract carries unconscious proprioceptive information from the Golgi tendon organs and muscle spindles to the cerebellum, helping monitor and modulate muscle movements

A

lower extremity and lower trunk travels in the dorsal spinocerebellar tract

upper trunk and upper extremities travel in cuneocerebellar tract

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19
Q

what reflex seen in lesions of the corticospinal tract is an extension of the great toe with fanning of the remaining toes

A

Babinski in UMN lesions

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20
Q

Horner’s…

sympathetic fibers from __ - __ are obstructed

A

T1-T4

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21
Q

what part of the inner ear has

  1. perilymph- and responds to angular acceleration and deceleration
  2. endolymph- responds to head turning
  3. endolymph- has gravity receptors monitoring linear acceleration and deceleration
A
  1. semicircular canal
  2. semicircular duct
  3. utricle and saccule
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22
Q

what is the name of demyelination of the corticospinal tract and dorsal column in the spinal cord due most commonly to a vitamin B12 def

A

subacute combined degeneration, which is bilateral below the level of the lesion

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23
Q

what encephalopathy causes ocular palsies, confusion, and gait abnormalities related to a lesion in the mammillary bodies and/or the dorsomedial nuclei of the thalamus

A

MGB

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24
Q

where are the postganglionic neuron cell bodies, the CNS or PNS

A

PNS

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25
Q

what disease is a coavitation of the spinal cord causing bilateral loss of pain and temp at level of lesion

A

syringomyelia

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26
Q

what nucleus of the hypothalamus receives visual input from the retina and helps set the circadian rhythm

A

suprachiasmatic

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27
Q

are white rami preganglionic or pstganglionic

A

preganglionic

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28
Q

what area of the hypothalamus is responsible for recognizing a dec in body temp and mediates the rsponse to conserve heat

A

posterior hypothalamic zones; lesions result in poikilothermy (environmental control of heat)

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29
Q

what CN transmits sensory info from cornea

A

V1

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30
Q

what preganglionic sympathetic fibers are responsible for innervating the smooth mm and glands of the pelvis and hindgut

A

lumbar splanchnics

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31
Q

where are the cell bodies for the DCML and spinothalamic sensory systems

A

1st- dorsal root ganglia
carries ascending info in dorsal root of a spinal nerve, and synapses w/ …
2nd- in brainstem (DCML) and spinal cord (spinothalamic), synapses w/ …
3rd- thalamus and sends fibers to…
4th- primary somatosensory cortex

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32
Q

what term describes the reflex that increases the curvature of the lens, allowing near vision

A

accommodation

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33
Q

what CN carries preganglionic parasympathetic fibers that innervate the viscera of the neck, thorax, foregut and midgut

A

X

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34
Q

what area of the hypothalamus is responsible for recognizing an inc in body temp and mediates the response to dissipate heat

A

anterior hypothalamic zone;

lesions here result in hyperthermia

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35
Q

what excitatory fibers arise from the inferior olivary nuclei in the contralateral side of the body

A

climbing fibers, they are monsynaptic input on Purkinje cells
Mossy fibers are also excitatory and are axons of all other sources and synapse on granule cells

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36
Q

what four CN carry preganglionic parasympathetics

A

III
VII
IX
X

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37
Q

name the form of spina bifida…

  1. meninges and spinal cord
  2. meninges
  3. open neural tube lying on surface of back
  4. defect in vertebral arch
A
  1. meningomyelocele
  2. meningocele
  3. myeloschisis
  4. occulta
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38
Q

all spina bifida’s except occulta cause elevated… levels

A

alpha fetoprotein

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39
Q

name the nucleus
input from optic tract
output to primary visual cortex

A

LGB

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40
Q

name the nucleus
input from trigeminal pathways
output to primary somatosensory cortex

A

ventral posteromedial

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41
Q

name the nucleus
input from globus pallidus and cerebellum
output to primary motor cortex

A

ventral lateral

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42
Q

name the nucleus
input from medial lemniscus and spinocerebellar tracts
output to primary somatosensory cortex

A

ventral posterolateral nu

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43
Q

name the nucleus
input from globus pallidus and substantia nigra
output to primary motor cortex

A

ventral anterior

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44
Q

name the nucleus
input from amygdala and prefrontal cortex and temporal lobe
output to prefrontal lobe and cingulate gyrus

A

medial nuclear group

limbic system

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45
Q

name the nucleus

input from inferior colliculus; output to primary auditory cortex

A

MGB

ears

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46
Q

name the nucleus
input from mammillary bodies via the mtt and the cingulated gyrus
output to cingulated gyrus via anterior limb of the internal capsule

A

anterior nuclear group (Papez circuit of limbic system)

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47
Q

what is the name of a thin brown ring around the outer edge of the cornea, seen in Wilson’s disease

A

Kayser-Fleisher

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48
Q

what do UMNs innervate

A

LMNs

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49
Q

what area of the brian serves as the major sensory relay center for visual, asuditory, gustatory, and tactile information destined for the cerebral cortex, cerebellum, or basal ganglia

A

thalumus

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50
Q

which of the colliculi help direct the mov’t of both eye in a gaze

A

superior colliculus
(Superior for Sight)
(inferior colliculus does both ears)

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51
Q

how do the corticobulbar fibers of CN VII differ from the rest of the CNs

A

normally corticobulbar fiber innervation of the CNs is bilateral (LMN receives info from both left and right cerebral cortex), but with CN VII, the LMN of the upper face receives bilateral input but hte lower facial LMNs only receive only contralateral input

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52
Q

what syndrome is described by a lesion in the angular gyrus (area 39) resulting in alexia, agraphia, acalculia, finger agnosia, and right-left disorientation

A

Gerstmann’s syndrome

spoken language understood

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53
Q

what are the three sites where CSF can leave the ventricles and enter the subarachnoid space (Name the lateral and medial foramina)

A

two Lateral foramina of Luschka

one Medial foramina of Magendie

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54
Q

what CNS arise from the

  1. midbrain
  2. pons
  3. medulla
A
  1. III and IV
  2. V, VI, VII, VIII
  3. IX, X, XII
    XI arises from cervical spinal cord
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55
Q

what disconnect syndrome results from a lesion in the corpus callosum secondary to an infarct in the anterior cerebral artery, so that the person can comprehen the command but not execute it

A

transcortical apraxia
(Wernicke’s area of the left hemisphere can’t communicate w/ the right primary motor cortex because of the lesion in the corpus callosum)

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56
Q

T or F

glucose readily diffuses across the blood-brain barrier

A

F

water readily diffuses across the bbb but glucose requires carrier-mediated transport

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57
Q

what encapsulated group of nerve endings seen at the muscle-tendon junction responds to an increase in tension generated in that muscle
(dropping a box that’s too heavy)

A

GTOs are stimulated by Ib afferent neurons in response to inc in force or tension
the inverse muscle reflex protects muscle from being torn; it limits the tension on the muscle

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58
Q

what chromosome 4, AD disorder is a degeneration of GABA neurons in the striatum of the indirect pathway of the basal ganglia

A

huntington’s chorea, patient’s have chorea, athetoid mov’t, progressive dementia, and behavioral problems

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59
Q

what syndrome is described as bilateral lesions of the amygdala and the hippocampus resulting in placidity, anterograde amnesia, oral exploratory behavior, hypersexuality, and psychic blindness

A

Kluver-Bucy

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60
Q

by asking a patient to close the eyes while standing with feet together, what two pathways are you eliminating from proprioception

A

visual and cerebellar components are removed so you are testing the dorsal columns

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61
Q

what is the name of bilateral flaccid paralysis, hyporeflexia, and hypotonia due to a viral infection of the ventral horn of the spinal cord

A

poliomyelitis

a bilateral LMN lesion

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62
Q

what branch supplies

  1. the ventrolateral 2/3 of the cervical spinal ord and the ventrolateral part of the medulla
  2. the cerebellum and the dorsolateral part of the medulla
A
  1. ant spinal art

2. PICA

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63
Q

what syndrome causes inability to conc, easy distractibility, apathy, and regression to an infantile suckling or grasping reflex

A

frontal lobe syndrome

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64
Q

T or F

the presence of PMNs in the CSF is always abnormal

A

T

there may be up to 4 lymphocytes or monocytes but NEVER PMNs

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65
Q

what cells lining the ventricles have cilia on their luminal surface to move CSF

A

ependymal cells

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66
Q

what is the most common site for the aneurysm in cerebral circulation

A

the junction where the anterior comm and anterior cerebral arteries join
as the aneurysm expands, it compresses the fibers from the upper temporal fields of the optic chiasm, producing bitemporal inferior quadrantanopia

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67
Q

what fissure of the cerebral cortex runs perpendicular to the lateral fissure and separates the fronatal and parietal lobes

A 
central sulcus
(sulcus of Rolando)
68
Q

what is the name of violent projectile movements of a limb resulting from a lesion in the subthalamic nuceli of the basal ganglia

A

hemiballismus

69
Q

what is the term for the type of pupil seen in neurosyphilis and what ocular reflexes are lost

A

Argyll Robertson

70
Q

T or F

intrafusal fibers form muscle spindles

A

T

they are the sensory component of the stretch reflex

71
Q

what Brodmann area is assoc w/

  1. Broca’s area
  2. primary auditory cortex
  3. primary somatosensory cortex
A
  1. 44 and 45
  2. 41 and 42
  3. 1, 2, and 3
72
Q

what Brodmann area is assoc w/

  1. somatosensory assoc cortex
  2. primary motor cortex
  3. premotor cortex
A
  1. 5 and 7
  2. 4
  3. 6
73
Q

what Brodmann area is assoc w/

  1. visual assoc cortex
  2. frontal eye fields
  3. primary visual cortex
  4. Wernicke’s
A
  1. 18 and 19
  2. 8
  3. 17
  4. 22
74
Q

what is the fluid of the posterior compartment of the eye

A

vitreous humor

75
Q

what aphasia produces a nonfluent pattern of speech with the ability to understand written and spoken langulate

A

expressive aphasia

76
Q

in a topographical arrangement of the cerebellar homunculus map, what area or lobe…

  1. controls the axial and proximal musclulature of limbs
  2. involved in motor planning
  3. controls balance and eye mov’t
  4. controls distal musculature
A
  1. vermis
  2. lateral part of hemispheres
  3. flocculonodular lobe
  4. intermediate part of the hemispheres
77
Q

what glial cell is derived from mesoderm and acts as a scavenger, cleaning up cellular debris after injury

A

microglia

Microglia and Mesoderm

78
Q

what direct-pathway basal ganglia disease is described by masklike facies, stooped posture, cogwheel rigidity, pill-rolling tremor, shuffling gaint

A

Parkinson’s

79
Q

what artery supplies most of the lateral surfaces of the cerebral hemispheres

A

MCA

80
Q

what hypothalamic nucleus is responsible for the production of ADH

A

supraoptic nuclei

lesions here result in diabetes insipidus

81
Q

T or F

high frequency sound waves stimulate hair cells at the base of the cochlea

A

T

82
Q

what nucleus of the hypothalamus is the statiety center

A

ventromedial

lesion -> obesity

83
Q

what cells of the retina sees in color and needs bright light to be activated

A

cones

84
Q

what cells of axons are the only ones that leave the cerebellar cortex

A

Purkinje

85
Q

what splanchnic carries preganglionic parasympathetics that innervate the hindgut and the pelvic viscera

A

Pelvic splanchnics

86
Q

is nystagmus defined by the fast or slow component

A

fast

87
Q

name the ocular lesion specified

  1. left optic nerve
  2. rt calcarin cortex
  3. right LGB
  4. optic chiasm
  5. right lateral compression of optic chiasm
  6. left meyer’s loop of optic radiation
A
  1. left eye anopsia
  2. left homonymous hemianopsia
  3. left homonumous hemianopsia
  4. bitemporal heteronymous hemianopsia
  5. right nasal hemianopsia
  6. left homonymous hemianopsa
88
Q

what is the function of the cerebellum

A

planning and fine-tuning of voluntary skeletal msucle contractions (coordination)
the function of the basal glanglia is to initiate gross voluntary skeletal muscle control

89
Q

what is the name for inability to stop a mov’t at the intended target

A

dysmetria (finger-to-nose)

90
Q

if a lesion occurs before the onset of puberty and arrests sexual development, what area of hypothalamus occurs)

A

preoptic area of the hypothalamus; if the lesion occurs after puberty, amenorrhea or impotence will be seen

91
Q

what sulcus divides the occipital lobe horizontally into a superior cuneus and inferior lingual gurys

A

calcarine sulcus

92
Q

do alpha- or gamma- motor neurons innervate extrafusal mm fibers

A

alpha

gamma do intrafusal

93
Q

contracting both medial rectus mm simultanesous makes the images of near objects remain on the same part of the retinal. What term describes this…

A

convergence

94
Q

will a unilateral lesion in the STT result in a contralateral or ipsi loss of pain and tem

A

contro
(it enters the spinal cord and immediately synapses in dorsal horn, crosses over and ascends contralateral in the spinal cord, brainstem, thalamus, and postcentral gyrus)

95
Q

what ganglion supplies the postganglionic parasympathetics to the ciliary mm of the eye

A

ciliary ganglion

96
Q

in what tract does pain, temp, and crude touc sensory info ascend to the postcentral gyrus

A

STT

97
Q

what CN nu receives auditory info from both ears via the cochlear nu

A

superior olivary nucleus

98
Q

what parasympathetic nu is found on the floor of the fourth ventricle and supplies preganglionic fibers innervating the terminal ganglias of the thorax, foregut and midgut

A

dorsal motor nu of X

99
Q

what sensory system is affected in the late spinal cord manifestations of syphilis

A

bilateral degeneration of the dorsal columns in the spinal cord secondary to syphilis = tabes dorsalis
a high-step gait is seen in patients with tabes dorsalis because of the inability to feel the ground beneath their feet

100
Q

what do LMNs innervate

A

innervate sk mm

101
Q

what tract carries the ipsi dorsal column fibers from the lower limbs in the spinal cord

A

fasciculus gracilis (Graceful), which lies closest to the midline of the spinal cord

102
Q

T or F

CSF is a clear, isotonic solution w/ lower conc of K and HCO3 and higher conc of Cl and Mg

A

t

103
Q

what type of fiber(s) are carried in…(motor, sensory, or both)

  1. dorsal root
  2. dorsal rami
  3. ventral rami
  4. ventral root
  5. dorsal root ganglion
  6. spinal nerve
A
  1. sensory
  2. both
  3. both
  4. motor
  5. sensory
  6. both
104
Q

describe the loss for each of the following in a hemisection of the spinal cord (Brown-Sequard syndrome)

  1. dorsal column tract
  2. corticospinal tract
  3. LMN
  4. spinothalamic tract
A
  1. ipsi loss at and below level of lesion
  2. ipsi loss below level
  3. ipsi flaccid paralysis
  4. contra loss below and bilateral loss at level of lesion
105
Q

what area of the brain acts as teh center for ipsi horizontal gaze

A

PPRF

106
Q

what aphasia is seen as an inability to comprehend spoken language and speaking in a word salad

A

receptove aphasia

107
Q

what is the function of the basal ganglia

A

initiate and manage gross sk mm mov’t control

108
Q

what art is formed by the union of the two vertebral arteries

A

the basilar artery is formed at the pontomedullary junction

109
Q

what disease is described by bilateral flaccid weakness of the upper limbs (LMN) and bilateral spastic weakness of the lower limbs (UMN) beginning at the cervical level of the spinal cord and progressing up or down the cord

A

ALS
(LMN lesion AT the level of lesion
UMN lesion Below the level)

110
Q

which DA receptor excites the direct pathway of the basal ganglia

A

D1

inhibition of the direct pathway occurs through the D2 receptors

111
Q

does the direct or indirect pathway result in a dec level of cortical excitation

A

although body pathways are associated with disinhibition

the indirect basal ganglia pathway is associated with a dec level of cortical excitiation

112
Q

what fissure of the cerebral cortex separates the frontal and temporal lobes rostrally and partially separates the parietal and temporal lobes

A

lateral fissure of Sylvius

113
Q

what area of the brain acts as the center for contralateral horizontal gaze

A

frontal eye field

114
Q

in an adult where does the spinal cord terminate and what is it called

A

conus medullaris terminates at L2

115
Q

if a patient with a cerebellar lesion has nystagmus, which way is the fast component directed, toward or away

A

toward

116
Q

what area of the limbic system is responsible for attaching emotional significance to a stimulus

A

amygdala

117
Q

what is the name of the tremor that occurs during mov’t and is absent while the person is at rest

A

intention tremor; a sign of cerebellar lesions

a tremor at rest (pill rolling) is seen in basal ganglia lesions

118
Q

what is the term for making up stories regarding past experiences because of an inability to retrieve them

A

confabulatino

- Korsakoff’s

119
Q

what forntal lobe cortex is associated with organizing and planning the intellectual and emotional aspect of behavior

A

preforntal cortex

120
Q

what is the largest nucleus in the midbrain

A

substantia nigra is the largest nucleus in the midbrain

it contains melanin and uses GABA and DA as its neurotransmitters

121
Q

where is the lesion that produces these sx when a petient is asked to loop left?

  1. left eye cen’t look left
  2. right eye can’t look left, left eye nystagmus, and convergence intact
  3. neither eye can look left with a slow drift to the right
A
  1. left abducens
  2. right MLF
  3. left abducens nucleus or right cerebral cortex
122
Q

what area of the hypothalamus is the feeding center

A

lateral hypothalamic zone

lesion results in Aphasia

123
Q

in what pathway of the basal ganglia do lesions result in hyperactive cortex with hyperkinetic, chorea, athetosis, tics, and dystonia

A

indirect pathway (Tourette’s)

124
Q

what happens to mm tone and stretch reflexes when there is a LMN lesion

A

hallmarks of LMN lesion injury are absent or dec reflexes, mm fasciculations, dec mm tone, and mm atrophy (flaccid paralysis)
don’t forget, LMN lesions are ipsilateral AT the level of lesion)

125
Q

in what pathway of the basal ganglia do lesions result in an underactive cortex with hypokinetic, slow, or absent spontaneous mov’t

A

direct pathway

ex. Parkinson’s

126
Q

what sided mm weakness is seen in an UMN corticospinal tract injury above the pyramidal decussation

A

contralateral mm weakness when above the decussation,

UMN injury below the pyramidal decussation results in ipsi mm weakness

127
Q

what area of the retina consists of only cones and has the greates visual acuity

A

fovea

128
Q

what tract carries the ipsi dorsal column fibers from the upper limbs in the spinal cord

A

fasciculus cuneatus

129
Q

what CNS demyelinating disease is characterized by diplopia, ataxia, paresthesias, monocular blindness and weakness or spastic paresis

A

MS

130
Q

what part of the ANS controls the constriction of the pupil in response to light

A

Parasymp

131
Q

with which CN are preganglionic parasympathetics arising from the Edinger-Westphal nu

A

CN III

132
Q

ophthalmic art is a branch of what artery

A

ICA

133
Q

what thalamic relay nu do the mammillary bodies project to

A

anterior nu

134
Q

what cells contribut to the bbb and proliferate in response to CNS injury

A

astrocytes

135
Q

what causes slow writhing mov’ts (athetosis)

A

hypermyelination of corpus striatum and the thalamus (as in CP)

136
Q

what area of the brain is responsible for emotion, feeding, mating, attention, and mating

A

limbic system

137
Q

what is the name of the postganglionic parasympathetic ganglion that innervates…

  1. papillary sphincter and ciliary mm of eye
  2. parotid gland
  3. submandibular gland and sublingual glands
  4. lacrimal gland and oral and nasal mucosa
A
  1. ciliary ganglion
  2. otic ganglion
  3. submandibular ganglion
  4. pterygopalatine ganglion
138
Q

what neuronal cell bodies are contained in the intermediate zone of the spinal cord (T1-L2)

A

preganglionic sympathetics

139
Q

what limb of the internal capsule is not supplied by the MCA

A

anterior limb is supplied by ACA

140
Q

what tract is responsible for voluntary refined mov’ts of distal extremities

A

CST

141
Q

carniopharyngiomas are remnants of what

A

Rathke’s puch

can result in compression of the optic chiasm

142
Q

Clarke’s nu is the second ascending sensory neuron of which spinocerebellar tract

A

dorsal spinocerebellar tract

the accessory cuneate nucleus is the second nucleus for the cuneocerebellar tract

143
Q

name the three postganglionic sympathetic ganglia that receive input from thoracic splanchnics

A

celiac, aorticorenal, and superior mesenteric ganglias

all Splanchnics are Symphathetic except for the Pelvic which are Preganglionic Parasympathetic

144
Q

what is the only CN to arise from the dorsal surface oft he midbrain

A

IV

145
Q

what basic reflex regulates mm tone by contracting mm in response to stretch of that mm

A

mytoatic reflex is responsible for the tension present in all resting mm

146
Q

where are the LMN cell bodies of the corticospinal trat

A

in the ventral horn of the spinal cord.

UMN cell bodies are in the precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe

147
Q

what nu found in the intermediate zone of the spinal cord, sends unconscious proprioception to the cerebellum

A

Clarke’s

148
Q

the vertebral artery is a branch of…

A

subclavian artery

149
Q

what mm of the middle ear is innervated by mandibular V

A

tensor tympani

150
Q

the fibers of the nucleus gracilis and cuneatus cross that the medullary decussation and ascend conta to what thalamic relay nu

A

VPL sneds its fibers to synapse in the postcentral gyrus

151
Q

what mm of the middle ear is innervated by CN VII

A

stapedius

152
Q

what part of the inner ear contains the gravity receptors for changes in the position of the head

A

saccule and utricle

153
Q

what nu supplies the preganglionic parasympathetics to ciliary ganglion

A

Edinger-Westphal of III

154
Q

what reticular nu synthesize serotonin from L-tryptophan and plays a role in mood, aggression, and inducing sleep

A

raphi nuclei

155
Q

will a patient with a unilateral lesion in the cerebellum fall toward or away from the affected side

A

unilateral cerebell lesions -> fall toward the side of the lesion

156
Q

a unilateral lesion in what nucleus will produce ipsi paralysis of the soft palate

A

nu ambiguus, resulting in the uvula deviating away from the side of the lesion

157
Q

T or F

neurons in the dorsal horn participate in reflexes

A

T

158
Q

what ganglion receives preganglionic sympathetic fibers from T1 to L1-L2 and innervates sm mm, cardiac mm, glands, head, thoracic viscera, and blood vessels of the body wall and limbs

A

symphathetic chain glanglion

159
Q

what preganglionic sympathetic fibers are responsible for innervating the foregut and the midgut

A

thoracic splanchnic fibers

160
Q

does light or darkness regulate the pineal gland

A

light

via the retina-suprachiasmatic-pineal pathway

161
Q

name the three hormones produced by pinealocytes

A

melatonin
serotonin
CCK

162
Q

is the pH of CSF acidotic, alkalotic, or neutral

A

acidotic- 7.33

163
Q

what ascending sensory system carries joint position, vibratory and pressure sensation, and discriminative touch from the trunk and limbs

A

DCML system

164
Q

what reflex enable the eyes to remain focused on a target while the head is turning

A

vestibulo-ocular reflex

165
Q

what cells of the retina see back and white and are used for night vision

A

rods

USMLE (13 decks)

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