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USMLE > usmle- anatomy- embryology > Flashcards

usmle- anatomy- embryology Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

1st pharyngeal groove

A

external auditory meatus

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2
Q

corpus cavernosus
corpus spongiosum
gland and body of penis

A

phallus

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3
Q

scrotum

A

labioscrotal swelling

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4
Q

urinary bladder
urethra
prostate gland
bulbourethral gland

A

urogenital sinus

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5
Q

testes
seminiferous tubules
rete testes

A

gonads

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6
Q

ventral part of penis

A

urogenital folds

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7
Q

gubernaculum testes

A

gubernaculum

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8
Q

epididymis
ductus deferens
seminal vesicles
ejaculatory duct

A

mesonephric duct

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9
Q

which PG maintains a PDA

A

PGE

indomethacin, catecholamines and ACh promote closures

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10
Q

when does the primitive gut herniate out in the embryo

when does it go back in

A

wk 6

wk 10

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11
Q

what results when the palanting prominences fail to fuse w/ the other side

A

cleft palate

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12
Q

what is the term for a direct connection between the intestine and the external environment through the umbnilicus

A

vitelline fistula (persistance of the vitelline duct)

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13
Q

where do primordial germ cells arise

A

wall of yolk sac

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14
Q

5-alpha-reductase deficiency

A

male pseudo-hermaphrodism
(individuals are XY)
-> testicular tissue and stunted male external genitalia

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15
Q

when does the intraembryonic coelom form

A

wk 3

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16
Q

cerebral hemispheres

A

proencephalon

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17
Q

midbrain

A

mesencephalon

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18
Q

cerebellum

A

rhombencephalon

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19
Q

medulla

A

rhombencephalon

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20
Q

diencephalon

A

proencephalon

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21
Q

metencephalon

A

rhombencephalon

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22
Q

telencephalon

A

proencephalon

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23
Q

thalamus

A

proencephalon

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24
Q

pons

A

rhombhencephalon

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25
Q

eye

A

proencephalon (diencephalon)

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26
Q

myelencephalon

A

rhombencephalon

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27
Q

pineal gland

A

proencephalon (diencephalon)

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28
Q

cerebral aqueduct

A

mesencephalon

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29
Q

neurohypophysis

A

proencephalon(diencephalon)

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30
Q

3rd ventricle

A

proencephalon

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31
Q

hypothalamus

A

proencephalon

diencephalon

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32
Q

lateral ventricles

A

proencephalon

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33
Q

what malignant tumor of the trophoblast causes high levels of hCG and may occur after a hydatidiform mole, abortion, or normal pregnancy

A

gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (GTN)

choriocarcinoma

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34
Q

how many oogonia are present at birth

A

none (not formed until puberty)

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35
Q

what right to left shunt occurs when the aorta opens into the righ ventricle and the pulmonary trunk upens into the left ventricle

A

transposition of the great vessels (failure of aorticopulmonary septum to grow in a spiral)

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36
Q

left umbilical vein remnant

A

ligamentum teres

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37
Q

foramen ovale remnant

A

fossa ovale

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38
Q

right and left umbilical arteries remnants

A

medial umbilical ligaments

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39
Q

ductus arteriosus ligament

A

ligamentum arteriosum

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40
Q

ductus venosus remnant

A

ligamentum venosum

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41
Q

mandibular hypoplasia, down-slanted palpebral fissures, colobomas, malformed ears, zygomatic hypoplasi are commonly seen in what pharyngeal arch 1 abnormality

A

Treacher Collins Syndrome

42
Q

tetrology of fallot

A

Pulmonary stenosis
Right ventricular hypertrophy
Over-riding aorta
Ventricular septal defect

(PROVe)

43
Q

external urethra opening onto the ventral surface of the penis

A

hypospadia

44
Q 
CN of the
1st pharyngeal arch?
2nd?
3rd?
4th and 6th?
A

V
VII
IX
X

45
Q

failure of neural crest cells to migrate to myenteric plexus of sigmoid colon and rectum

A

hirschsprungs

46
Q

pharyngeal pouch 3 and 4 failure

A

DiGeorge’s

47
Q

what embryonic structure, around day 19, tells the ectoderm above it to differentiate into neural tissue

A

notochord

48
Q

are membranous septal defects interventricular or interatrial

A

interventricular

49
Q

pharyngeal pouch and groove in a pharyngeal fistula

A

2nd

50
Q

hCG in blood?

in urine?

A

day 8

day 10

51
Q

pharnygeal pouch derivatives

A 
1- middle ear
2- palantine tonsil
3- inferior parathyroid and 
   thymus
4- superior parathyroid

M PITS

52
Q

true or false, in females meiosis II is incomplete until fertilization takes place

A

true

53
Q

what derives from preotic somites

A

internal eye muscles

54
Q

jaundice
white stools
dark urine

A

extrahepatic biliary atresia due to biliary duct occlusion secondary to incomplete recanalization

55
Q

what hormone produced by the synctiotrophoblast stimulates the production of progesterone by the corpus luteum

A

hCG

56
Q

how many sperm are produced by one type B spermatagonium

A

4

57
Q

all primary oocytes in females are formed by what age?

A

5th month

58
Q

ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk

A

truncus arteriosus

59
Q

sinus venaru
coronary sinus
oblique vein of left atrium

A

sinus venosus

60
Q

right and left ventricles

A

primitive ventricle

61
Q

aortic vestibule and conus arteriosus

A

bulbus cordis

62
Q

right and left atruim

A

primitive atrium

63
Q

after a longstanding left-to-right shunt reverses, causing cyanosis, and becomnes a right-to-left shunt, what is it called

A

Eisenmenger’s syndrome

64
Q

true or false?

thyroid from foregut?

A

true

65
Q

collecting duct
calyces
renal pelvis
ureter

A

mesonephric duct

66
Q

urinary bladder and urethra

A

urogenital sinus

67
Q

external genitalia

A

phallus
urogenital folds
labioscrotal swellings

68
Q

nephrons, kidney

A

metanephros

69
Q

median umbilical ligament

A

urachus

70
Q

epithelial lining of urinary bladder and urethra are __gut derivatives

A

hindgut

71
Q

projective NONbilious vomiting

and a small knot at the right costal margin (olive sign)

A

hypertrophic pyloric stenosis due to hypertrophy of muscularis externa

72
Q

separation of 46 chromosomes without splitting of the centromeres occurs during what phase of meiosis

A

Meiosis I

73
Q

blood and its vessels form during what embryonic week

A

wk 3

74
Q

glans clitoris
corpus cavernosus
spongiosum

A

phallus

75
Q

gartner’s duct

A

mesonephric duct

76
Q

ovary, follicles, rete ovarri

A

gonads

77
Q

uterine tube
uterus
cevix
upper third of vagina

A

paramesonphric ducts

78
Q

labia majora

A

labioscrotal swelling

79
Q

labia minora

A

urogenital folds

80
Q

ovarian and round ligaments

A

gubernaculum

81
Q

urinary bladder, urethra, greater vestubular glands, vagina

A

urogenital sinus

82
Q

what direction does the primitive gut rotate

A

clockwise around the superior mesenteric artery

83
Q

preeclampsia in first trimester
hCG levels >100,000
enlarged bleeding uterus

A

hydatiform mole

84
Q

when does the foramen ovale close

A

just after birth

85
Q

at ovulation, in what stage of meiosis II is the secondary oocyte arrested

A

metaphase II

86
Q

failed recanalizationof the duodenum resulting in polyhydramnios, bile-containing vomitus, and a distended stomach

A

duodenal atresia

87
Q

what remains patent in a hydrocele of the testis, allowing peritoneal fluid to form into a cyst

A

patent processus vaginalis

88
Q

respiratory system is derived from the ventral wall of the foregut- true or false?

A

true

89
Q

failure of the allantois to close

A

patent urachus- urachal fistula

90
Q

prochordal plate derivative

A

mouth

91
Q

only organ supplied by the foregut artery that is of mesodermal origin

A

spleen

92
Q

tumor derived form primative streak remnants and often contains bone, hair, or other tissue types

A

sacrococcygeal teratoma

93
Q

two pathologic conditions occur when the gut does not return to the embryo?

A

omphalocele
and
gastroschisis

94
Q

true or false- for implantation to occur, the zona pellucida must degenerate?

A

true- it degenerates 4-5 days post fertilization and implantation happens day 7

95
Q

what results when the maxillary prominence fails to fuse with the medial nasal prominence

A

cleft lip

96
Q

what is the direction of growth for the primitive streak?

A

caudal to rostral

97
Q

during what embryonic week do somites begin to form

A

wk 3

98
Q

what embryonic week sees the formation of the notochord and the neural tube

A

third week

99
Q

what right-to-left shunt occurs when only one vessel receives blood from both the right and left ventricle

A

persistant truncus arteriosus

100
Q

what forms the chorion

A

cytotrophoblast
syncytiotrophoblast
extraembryonic mesoderm

USMLE (13 decks)

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