USA Civil Rights C2 (Protest, Progress and Radicalisation) Flashcards
Importance of Greensboro Sit Ins
- started with 4 students ended up with 300
- national
- peaceful
- people inspired
- white people joined i
Importance of Freedom Riders
- people inspired
- publicity
- numbers grew
- white people joined in
Freedom Riders
- people took long bus journeys to Deep South to see segregation
- caused change bus desegregated in the south
James Meredith University of Mississippi
- application rejected
- Supreme Court allowed him to join
- riots
What happened in response of James Meredith?
- SNCC and NAACP set up more marches, boycotts and protests in Albany, Georgia
- MLK joined for new strategies
What Happened at Birmingham, Alabama 1963
- MLK March
- lots of violence and black arrests
- Kennedy “ashamed” and “sick” of the actions from white people
3 important factors of March of Washington
Size- broadcast on national television
King’s speech- more support and showed how he was leader
Crowd- black and white people together
What was Freedom Summer?
- black people could vote, not registered
- sign up for campaigns in projects in black communities
3 Successes of Freedom Summer
- included all races
- helped them register
- money from white college students
3 Failures of Freedom Summers
- KKK members opposing
- burned black churches and homes
- only 1600 of 17000 black people registered
Key events of Selma, Alabama
- only 1% of black people could vote
- MLK led peaceful march that was attacked by police
- publicity and sympathy
- Johnson sent troops to protect
Civil Rights Act 1964 (key points of improvement)
- stop discrimination in voting, public spaces and jobs (equal opportunity)
- enforce desegregation and remove funding for schools that don’t follow this
Civil Rights Act 1964 (limitations)
- still difficult to vote in states
- opportunity in council was limited as limited staff
- deep south found ways around desegregation
Voting Rights Act 1965 (success)
Stopped black people being denied their right to vote
Voting Rights Acr 1965 (limitations)
- not that many signed up to vote
- slow process
Who was Malcom x?
- originally speaking for Nation of Islam
- became a civil rights leader non-peaceful approach
- assassinated by NOI
Black Power Movement (Political)
- equality with white politicians
- people focused more on Vietnam
- acts didn’t solve desegregation
Black Power Movement (Economic)
- occupied construction sites to enforce jobs
- also focused on poverty and unemployment
Black Power Movement (Cultural)
- proud of race
- defend themselves
- ghetto conditions worsen
- price integration too high
Who was Stokely Carmichael?
- set up Lowndes Country Freedom Organisation as a black government party
- more violent approach
Significance of 1968 Mexico Olympics
- Tommie Smith and John Carlos refused to look at flag and did black power salute
- very powerful/ inspired others
- controversial but showed problems
3 key features of Black Panthers
- wanted to end police brutality
- they were all about community
- woman vocal
Positives and Negatives of Black Panthers
Positives- made changes at local scale and helped improve ghetto conditions
Negatives- some panthers were arrested for robberies which funded the group
5 Long Term causes of Riots
- police discrimination
- Discrimination or white officials
- Unemployment
- Poverty
- Poor education
What were the 5 main criticisms of the Kerner Report?
- police
- treatment in ghettos
- use of federal money (too much on police)
- criticism of how media depicted the riots
What were the 4 main recommendations of the Kerner Report?
- white officials to help black people
- police protect
- less force by police
- not have racial division
3 reasons for King’s campaign in the North
- Rents too high
- overcrowding as not enough houses
- Discrimination in public services
3 Successes of MLK campaign in the north
- peaceful agreement about fair house violence
- black people found jobs
- organised
3 failures of MLK campaign in the north
- violence continued
- mayor ignored agreement
- Johnson and MLK relation strained due to Vietnam
2 Short Term effect of MLK’s death
- rioting and deaths
- poor people campaign went ahead but shut down
5 long term effects of MLK’s death
- civil rights lost members
- white people thoughts battle was won
- death accelerated
- SNCC changed ‘n’ to national from non-violent
- conflict increased
What happened after 1969?
- protests split up
- small scale protests
- focused turned to Vietnam
3 changes Nixon made for the civil rights
- funding/ trading for black businesses
- ‘affirmative action’ black people got jobs ahead of others
- more black officials in the white house