USA

Question 1

GA

Answer 1

• Not a single accent (large group accents showing common characteristics)
• not regional, social or ethnic association
• origins in rural Midwest

Question 2

national + international periods

Answer 2

• 1776: declaration of independence
• 1783: end of war of independence (treaty of Paris)
• 1830: immigration from Europe (Irish, Scots, germans)
• 1861-1865: American civil war
  > increasing influence of American English, especially after WW2
• 1924: General American
• 1970: immigrants from Asia and central/south America

Question 3

noah webster

Answer 3

• American dictionary
• made all differences between American and British in systemic and non-systemic differences
• Systemic differences: affect large classes of words
  GA: -o (color)
  BP: -our (colour)
• Non-systemic differences: affect only one word/a small group of words

Question 4

GA vs BP spellings

Answer 4

• Exclusive and non-exclusive differences
• Combination of two the two categories:
  > systemic exclusive variants: colo(u)r
  > systemic non-exclusive variant: suffixes -ise/-ize
  > non-systemic, non-exclusive variants: BE goal/jail and AE axe/ax
  > non-systemic exclusive varians: BE cheque and AE check
• BE -our vs AE -or
• BE -re vs AE -er (fibre, fiber)
• AE: -ize, BE: -ize and -ise (organize/organise)
• BE: AE: -z (analyse, analyse)
• BE: -ogue, AE: og(ue)
  > catalog(ue)
• AE in- vs BE en-:
  > insure/ensure
• AE: -se, BE: -ce:
  > defense/defence

Question 5

BE vs AE pronunciation

Answer 5

• GA: rhotic, BP: non-rhotic (except Scottish English, Irish English)
• GA: a=æ, BP: a=a:
• GA: o=a:, BP: o=ɒ
  > college, box, not, top
• GA: tapped tt (between to vowels) or preceding a syllabic
  > bitter
  > beetle
• GA: j-dropping, BP: palatalisation
• GA: /əl/, BP: /aɪl/
  > fertile, mobile
• GA: aɪ, BP: i
  > anti, semi
• stress on different syllables

Question 6

BE vs AE grammar

Answer 6

• GA: got->gotten, BP: got->got
• GA: burn(ed), BP: burn(t)
• GA: have, BP: have got
  > have/have got children
  -GA; will, not shall
  > I will be late

Question 7

American English dialects: south

Answer 7

• “southern drawl”
  > slow rhythm of speech, elongation of vowels even into diphthongs
  -> egg rhymes with vague
• length difference
  > prezdent (president), fern (foreign), urp (Europe)
• e can become i
  > get = git, pen = pin
• monopthongisatiion of price diphthongs>a:
  -> drive/I
• addition of ʃ to str-words
  > strict, strong
• some southern varieties: on-rhotic, no linking n

Question 8

African American Vernacular English AAVE

Answer 8

• ethnolect
• urban working-class+middle-class
• shares features with southern united dialects
• non-rhotic
• consonant cluster reduction (dropping the last consonant at the end)
  > ks, st, ft, nt, nd, ld, zd, md
• ɫ to ə
  > fool = fu:əl (like Cockney)
• th-fronting (like cockney) -> d for ð at the beginning -> th-stopping
• ʔ for t in non-initial position
  > bu, butter (like cockney)
• b, d, g -> p, t, k
• aɪ -> a:
  > find -> fa:n
• diphthongisation of monophthongs
• consonant cluster
  >str -> skr
• Metathesis
  > ask->aks
• sometimes move of stress to the first syllable
  -> hotel, police
• multiple negation
• no genitive - s
• no 3 person -s
  > he kicks -> he kick
• uninflected be
• been for still relevant actions
  > I been know your name
• done as perfect marker
  > he done talk to you
• subordinate clauses may introduced by say instead of that
  > I tell you say he done come
• it instead of there
  > it a boy in my class

Question 9

Chicano English: phonology

Answer 9

• e/æ -> ɛ
• glottal stop
  > bottle -> ba:ʔl
• final clusters > simplicities of t, d -> last week = læs wi:k
• deletion of a consonant in a cluster
  > old = oʊd
• th-stopping: θ/ð -> t/d

Question 10

Chicano English: grammar

Answer 10

• tell to introduce questions
  > I told you Eleanor, is that your brother
• regularisation of irregular verbs
  > she sinked me -> she sank me
• multiple negation
• no 3 person -s
• copula deletion
• uninflected be to mark habitually

Question 11

New York

Answer 11

• non-rhotic (robotically has become prestige)
• linking and intrusive r + occasionally r at the ed of a word after a vowel
• some th-stopping