LANGUAGE CONTACT

Question 1

Pidgin

Answer 1

• lingua franca between speakers of two different mother tongues
• trade and government (colonialism)
• simplified in phonology, grammar, inflections, vocabulary
• no native speakers

Question 2

Creole

Answer 2

• when a new generation uses it as their native language
• mother tongue
• developed from pidgin > becomes more complex

Question 3

Lexifier

Answer 3

• language (often a colonising European) provides the basis of the creole and is target in decreolisation
• problem: inaccurately suggests that one vocabulary of the colonising language is selected -> therefore better

Question 4

superstrate

Answer 4

• most influential language in pidgin/creole formation (usually european).
• Creole lexis is often enriched

Question 5

substrate

Answer 5

• least dominant language in pidgin/creole formation (usually non-european).
• often the basis for grammar/structure

Question 6

Loan process: English > norwegian

Answer 6

• loan translation:
  > do-it-yourself =gjør-det-selv
• loan rendition: only part of the word is translated literally
  > aftershave = etterbarberingsvann
• Loan creation: creation of a new word inspired by another language
  > computer = datamaskin
• Semantic loan: existing word adopts an additional meaning
  > buy = kjøpe
• Pseudo-loan: word looking like a loanword but does not exist in the donor language
  > snacksy = tasty, attractive