TERMINOLOGIES Flashcards
Define “society”
group of people drowned together for common purposes
Define “sociolinguistic”
wider: role of language in society
narrow: correlations between independent social and dependent linguistic variables
micro: language in relation to society
macro: society on relation to language
Etymology
study of words origin
Cognates
etymologically related words in different language with common origin
Loanwords
adopted words from another language
Auxiliary Language
language developed rather than evolved.
politically and socially neutral.
international sign language.
Phoneme
smallest unit of a word that changes its meaning, but is powerless on its own
- pit / pet
Morpheme
smallest unit of a word that changes its meaning, and is powerful on its own
- un-, do, -able
Lexeme
-set of all inflected forms of a single word
- king, kings, king’s, kings’
Syntax
- arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed sentences
- SVO
Tautonomy
- same word, different meaning
- homely (down to earth, BP + ugly, GA)
Heteronomy
same meaning, different word
- sophomore, second year student + queue, line
Variant + Variable
Variant: differences in language
- yod-dropping
Variable: specific differences
- nju:s (RP) vs nu:s (GA)
social = identification (class, gender etc.)
linguistic = different variants correlating with social status
- news in RP vs Cockney
Marker
- carries social information (g-dropping, ng)
Peceptual dialectology
- subject beliefs about dialects and varieties
- preferatios
Salience
- identity activated in given interaction
Attunement
adapting based on context
Convergence
changes speech to sound more like others
Divergence
changes speech to sound less like the others
Simultaneous multilingualism
learning more than one native language
Sequential multilingualism
learning other languages after native language
Diglossia
- two different varieties of the same language used in different social situations
- High: Classical Arabic (formal)
Low: colloquial arabic dialects (everyday conversations)
Ethnolinguistic variety
- a languages strength and likelihood of survival across generations
1. status
2. demography
3. institutional support
Stable variable
- remains consistent even if the social/context changes
- rhotic r in america
Age-grading
language changes when one progresses through life
Grammaticalisation
new grammatical functions develop from lexical items
- willan (want) developed from OE to will or ‘ll
Pidgin
- lingua France between speakers of two different mother tongues
- mainly in trade and government (colonialisation)
- no native speakers
Creole
- developed from pidgin
- mothers tongue
Lexifier
- provides vocabulary to another language (typically creole or pidgin)
- borrowed word, different grammar
superstrate
- most influential language on another
- vocabulary and influence
substrate
- least dominant language on another
- grammar, syntax etc. >not vocabulary
Accent + dialect
Accent: pronunciation
- tomato
Dialect: pronunciation, vocabulary, grammar
- elevator vs lift
Isoglosses
dividing areas where different linguistics features
- soda, pop, coke, tonic
- help track regiolects
creolisation
- process by which the language system of a pidgin becomes more complex
- can turn into a creole when a new generation uses it as their native language
