MULTILINGUALISM

Question 1

L1 First language

Answer 1

• language acquired during early childhood (3 y/o)

Question 2

L2 second language

Answer 2

• Officially/societally dominant language (not L1)
• needed for basic purposes, example: education and employment
• language learned after L1

Question 3

EFL = English as a Foreign language

Answer 3

• Language studied at school or needed for future communication
• expected to know the language, learning the grammatical rules and the linguistics while traveling to a english speaking countries.

Question 4

ELF = English as a Lingua Franca

Answer 4

• Non-native language used for communication between people without a common language

Question 5

Reasons for learning L2

Answer 5

-countries with more than one language: India, Switzerland, Canada, Belgium
- reasons:
> history (invasion/conquest)
> economy
> immigration
> religion
> education
> occupational/social advantages
> interest (technology, literature)

Question 6

Multilingualism

Answer 6

• ability to speak two or more languages

Question 7

Simultaneous multilingualism

Answer 7

• more than one native language

Question 8

Sequential multilingualism

Answer 8

• Acquisition of another language or other languages after native language has been established

Question 9

Diglossia

Answer 9

• two distinct forms of a language/two closely related languages > exist with a clear functional separation in a socially situation
  Example: Modern Standard Arabic vs arabic dialects
• high variety: prestige
• low variety: everyday talk
• conscious of the switch from high to low varieties

Question 10

National language

Answer 10

• linguistic variety chosen by a nation to express representation/national identity

Question 11

Official language

Answer 11

• medium for all official, government business
• legal and public services provided in an official language

Question 12

Ethnolinguistic variety

Answer 12

• a measure of a language’s strength/likelihood of survival across generations
  1. status: prestice
  2. demography: population
  3. institutional support: school, government, media
• how language supports group identity and cultural continuity
  -higher vitality indicates greater chance of a language remaining active and resisting replacement

Question 13

Code-switching

Answer 13

• alternation between two languages/language variety in conversational turns or sentences
• specific purpose: audience, topic, setting
• add layers of meaning/reflection of identity, emotions, intentions

Question 14

Code-mixing

Answer 14

• using one primary language, mixing in words/ideas from another
• more spontaneous/unconscious
• often fluent in both languages