SCOTLAND

Question 1

Background

Answer 1

• 9-10th cen: vikings, introducing Old Norse/Norn
• 1056-1093: Anglo Saxon (Old English) additional court language besides Gaelic
• 1072: Anglo-Norman invasion
• 1295-1560: Alliance with France against England
• 1507: printing press
• 1603: union of the crowns
• 1707: parliaments
• 1759-1796: Robert Burns
• 1920: Scottish literary renaissance
• 1998: Scots included in European charter of minority language

Question 2

Scots as a language

Answer 2

• history, highly distinctive sound system, grammar and vocabulary
• varied/unbroken orthographic and literary tradition
• dialects (Doric in the north-east: Shetland)
• recognised for more than 300 years to Scotlands cultural identity
• recognised as language,
  -Official languages: Scottish England, Scots, Gaelic

Question 3

Scots

Answer 3

• Language developed from Old English Northumbrian dialect

Question 4

Scottish english

Answer 4

• Variety of English spoken in Scotland (of a more southern origin, after union of crowns)

Question 5

Cumbric

Answer 5

• celtic, closely related to Cymric (Wales)
• spoken of early medieval south-western Scotland (extinct)

Question 6

Pictish

Answer 6

• non-Indo-Eruopean pre-Celtic (extinct)

Question 7

Norn

Answer 7

• variety of Old Norse
• prevalent on Orkney and Shetland Islands (extinct)
• brought by the vikings

Question 8

Gaelic

Answer 8

• Celtic language in highlands
• dominant language (5th-12th century)
• Q-Celtic
• Local diglossic station (church, elderly)
• bilingual with English

Question 9

Scottish English phonology

Answer 9

• vowel length (not phonemic, but phonetic)
• Aitken’s law (all vowels except /ɪ/ and /ʌ/ are long if):
  > Followed by r (“beer”, “square”)
  > Followed by a voiced fricative (breathe, sleeve, maze)
  > Followed by a morpheme boundary (agree-d (long) (but not greed) (short), knee-d (long) (but not need) (short))
  > Final in an open syllable (“bee”, “see”)
• Homophones heed and hid, fool ad full, mace and mess (all short)
• Rhotic with trilled /r/
• initial voiceless plosives /p/, /t/, /k/ often not aspirated
  > pin, kiss
• non-initial /t/ often glottal stop ʔ
  > butter, but
• syllable-initial /ʍ/ (/hw/)
  > what, which, whisky, overwhelm
• /x/ for ch and gh
  > “loch” (lake)
• Dark ɬ in all positions
  > “little” -> cf. L-vocalisation in Scots (fu (“full”), aw (“all”), saut (“salt”)
• Specific pronunciations
  > length (lεnθ), with (wɪθ), realise (riʌˈlʌiz)

Question 10

Scottish English grammar

Answer 10

• Different verbal paradigms possible
• Old plural forms
• Regularised plural forms
• Three-dimensional deictic pronouns
• demonstratives “thae” or “them” for “those”
  -Personal pronoun
  > “yous” for plural + “us” for singular
• Use of deifnitive article before time and institutions
  > “the day” (today”, “the morn” (tomorrow), “at the kirk” (at church)
• Some adverbs identical to adjectives
  > “drive slow” (instead og drive slowly)
• “no” or “not” instead of contracted “n’t”
  > “She’s no leaving”
• Have identical as main verb and auxiliary
  > “We’d a good time”
• Preference for need as a full verb:
  > “I don’t need to” (instead of needn’t)
• Need with participle as object
  > “My hair needs washed” (instead of washing)
• Need and want with directional adverb
  >”He wants/needs out”
• Progressive aspect for stative verbs, eg. Need and want
  > “Im needing a cup of tea”
• Replacement of shall with will
  > “Will I turn out the light”
• Adverbial particle of phrasal verbs comes after the verb instead of the direct object
  > “He tunes out the light”
• Non-perfective usage of yet
  > “He is here yet” (instead of still here)

Question 11

vocabulary

Answer 11

• Native words from Old or Middle English
• Loanwords from Old Norse
• Loanwords from Gaelic
• Loanwords from Latin
• Loanwords from French