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1- SA- Respiratory Disease > URT surgery > Flashcards

URT surgery Flashcards

1
Q

List the primary pathophysiology’s of BOAS (4)

A

Stenosis external nares
Overlength of soft palate
Tracheal hyperplasia
Sliding hiatal hernia

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2
Q

List the secondary pathophysiologies of BOAS (8)

A

Hypertrophy of soft palate
Tonsilar hypertrophy
Everted laryngeal ventricles/ saccules
Laryngeal collapse
Pharyngeal collapse
Glosso-epiglottic mucosa displacement
Scrolling of epiglottic cartilage
Vomiting/ regurgitation

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3
Q

Describe tracheal hypoplasia

A

where the trachea is narrower in diamater than normal, causing increased resistance to airflow when the animal breaths

Note= On radiographs compare trachea to size of vertebrae

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4
Q

List the 2 surgical methods that can be used to correct stenotic nares

A
  1. Rhinoplasty wedge resection- this doesn’t take away the internal alar fold
  2. Alar fold resection (Leipzig)- this does both internal and external structures
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5
Q

List the 2 ways we can correct soft palates

A
  1. Partial staphylectomy= Cut away excess tissue and sew nasal an oral mucosa together
    2.Palatoplasty= u shaped incision fold made and pulled forward to thin out
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6
Q

Explain how Idiopathic acquired laryngeal paralysis occurs

A

Neurogenic atrophy of intrinsic laryngeal muscles
Dysfunction of recurrent laryngeal nerves
Generalised peripheral neuropathy
Central nervous system

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7
Q

Describe the normal Arytenoid movement in normal animal

A

Inspiration – cartilages are abducted- the harder you need to breathe the wider they abduct
Expiration – cartilages are adducted (air break)
Expiration at exercise – cartilages are abducted

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8
Q

List the 6 clinical signs of acquired laryngeal paralysis

A

Stridor
Cough
Dyspnoea
Change in phonation (bark)
Exercise intolerance
Collapse

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9
Q

When are the clinical signs of acquired laryngeal paralysis worse

A

when the dog is hot, excited or exercised

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10
Q

What type of dog most commonly get acquired laryngeal paralysis

A

older age, larger breed dogs (e.g. 12yr old lab retriever)
but can occur in any breed

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11
Q

How do you diagnose laryngeal paralysis

A

Characterises clinical signs
Auscultation of larynx/thorax
Laryngoscopy- under a light plane of general anaesthetic
Straight bladed laryngoscope (miller)

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12
Q

What concurrent disease can present with acquired laryngeal paralysis

A

Cardiac
LRT
Dysphagia
Megoesophagus
Hypothyroidism

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13
Q

What is our emergency management of ACUIRED LARYGENAL paralysis

A

Rest
Supplement oxygen
Cooling
Sedation
IV access
IV corticosteriods
Tracheostomy tube placement

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14
Q

What is the surgical management of laryngeal paralysis

A

Arytenoid lateralisation (tieback surgery)
Widen rima glottis and prevent dynamic collapse of arytenoid cartilage

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15
Q

List 5 complications that can occur after a tie back surgery

A

Seroma formation
Aspiration pneumonia
Inadequate lateralisation
Suture failure
Change in bark

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16
Q

List 5 things that need to occur during the post-op period after a tie-back surgery

A

Observe feeding and drinking
Strict rest for 2-3 weeks
Antibiotics
Analgesics
Harness

17
Q

What is tracheal collapse

A

Condition of excessive collapsibility of the trachea resulting in dorsoventral flattening of the tracheal lumen

THINK TOY BREEDS/YORKIES

18
Q

List 3 clinical signs of tracheal collapse

A

Goose honk cough
Pulling on collar/lead
Exercise

19
Q

List 6 things we can use to medically manage tracheal collapse

A

Antitussive- anti-cough
Bronchodilators
Antibiotics
NSAIDs
Cortecosterioids (Inhaled)- if severely affected
Bronchodilators (inhaled)

20
Q

List 2 ways which tracheal collapse can be surgically managed

A

open ring prosthesis - putting rings around the trachea to keep it open
stenting

21
Q

What are the common causes of nasa disease in dogs

A

Fb
Tumour
Aspergillosis
Chronic rhinitis e.g. allergic or dental disease

22
Q

What are the common causes of epistaxis in dogs

A

Nasal disease
Coagulopathy

23
Q

How do we investigate nasal disease

A

CT scan
Rhinoscopy
Radiography
Nasal flush

24
Q

What are the common causes of chronic rhinitis in cats

A

Tumours
Polyps
Rhinitis
Foreign bodies
Undiagnosed

25
Q

What is the main cause of fungal rhinitis and how does it present

A

Aspergillosis
Restricted to nasal cavity
Mucopurulent nasal discharge can be uni/bilateral
Intermittent epistaxis
Sneezing
Pain on palpation
ulceration or depigmentation of nasal planum

26
Q

why is topical treatment of fungal rhinitis preferred to oral

A

oral anti-fungal have alot of side effects (e.g. anorexia, V+)

1- SA- Respiratory Disease (15 decks)

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