Nasal disease Flashcards
List 11 clinical signs associated with nasal disease
clinical signs can be similar irrespective of cause
Nasal discharge
sneezing
pawing or rubbing muzzle
facial deformity
loss of pigment on the nasal planum
ulceration
epiphora
open-mouth breathing
halitosis
stertor
coughing
What is epiphora
having excess tears or watery eyes
List 2 things nasal disease could be secondary to
dental disease causing inflammation and nasal damage
bacterial rhinitis secondary to viral disease
What triggers reverse sneezing
Nasopharyngeal irritation
What is reverse sneezing
loud inspiratory noise
laboured respiratory effort
is generally self-limiting
List 6 common causes of nasal disease
Nasal neoplasia
Inflammatory or infectious rhinitis
fungal rhinitis
structural/ periodontal disease
foreign body
stenotic nares
Why may contrast CT help when investigating nasal disease
helps to highlight vasculature
Helps differentiate between tumours (vascular) vs discharge or epistaxis (nose bleed)
List 4 advantages of nasal flush in investigating nasal disease
non-invasive
quick procedure
Occasionally helps to clear discharge and debris from nasal passages and reduce stertor.
Occasionally produces tissue sample for histopathological examination if nasal mass very friable.
List 3 disadvantages of nasal flushes when investigating nasal disease
requires general anaesthesia
may not provide material suitable for examination
messy
If you see white plaques when using rhinoscopy to investigate nasal disease what should you suspect
Fungal rhinitis
T/F primary bacterial rhinitis is rare
True - most commonly secondary problem
What is the best way to diagnose a nasopharyngeal polyp
visualization of polyp
What are stenotic nares
components of BOAS
is when the Dorsolateral nasal cartilages are medially displaced- which decreases the available lumen
Can treat when young to try prevent further BOAS signs when older
Which neoplasia is common in dogs with nasal disease
carcinomas
sarcomas
rarely polyps
Which neoplasia is common in cats with nasal disease
polyps (young cats)
lymphoma
nasal carcinomas (especially light coloured cats)
List 3 clues that MAY suggest neoplasia when investigating nasal disease
unilateral disease
lytic lesions
Involvement of sinuses - not been proven but need to consider?
Which types of dogs is fungal nasal disease most common
mesocephalic and doliocephalic (long nosed dogs)
Rotties
GRets
GSD
What is the most common fungal nasal disease in
a. dogs
b. cats
a. Aspergillus fumigatus in dogs
b. Aspergillus or Cryptococcus spp in cats
List 4 common clinical signs of fungal nasal disease
cream or green nasal discharge
nasal planum ulceration
sneezing
nasal pain
How do you treat fungal nasal disease
topical treatment most effective
flush with: clotrimazole or enilconazole
What can be a clinical sign seen mainly with aspergillosis
depigmentation of the nasal planum
what virus may play a role in chronic destructive rhinitis in cats
feline herpesvirus
what neoplasia can white cats with solar exposure commonly get
squamous cell carcinomas
What is the treatment of squamous cell carcinoma on nasal planum
planectomy (usually successful)
photodynamic therapy (will require multiple treatments) or immunomodulators
list 5 clinical signs associated with nasopharyngeal polyps in cats
laboured and noisy breathing
nasal discharge
head shaking
sneezing
difficulty swallowing
in which species is aspergillosis mainly seen in
dogs (rare in cats)
T/F we should be worried if we see a dog which is reverse sneezing
False
when a client is telling you about a dog in with signs of nasal disease, what is very useful for them to do?
get a video
alongside normal historical questions (e.g. when was patient last normal) List 6 specific questions relating to nasal disease should you ask an owner
acute or chronic?
one/both nostrils
nature of discharge? presence of blood?
reverse sneezing
pain/difficulty eating (implies dental disease)
halitosis
what is the nasal planum
top part of the nose
Describe how to diagnose nasal neoplasia
radiography
CT rhinoscopy and biopsy
