URR part one Flashcards
Standard precautions are an extension of ______
universal precautions
Universal precautions apply to direct contact with any ______, ______, and ______.
body fluids
airborne particles
skin wounds
Universal precautions apply to anything that has direct contact with an _____, _____, and _____.
body fluids
airborne particles
skin wounds
Universal precautions protect:
patient and caregiver
Universal precautions include:
good hygiene
handwashing
equipment cleaning
protective equipment
The CDC recommends the use of alcohol based hand rub when:
hands are not visibly soiled
Wash hands for ____
20+ seconds
Washing should be performed:
contamination
before putting on gloves and after gloves are removed
before and after assisting with any type of interventional procedures
between contact with patients
after changing exam table linens or paper
When putting on PPE, always put the _____ on first after washing your hands.
gown
All PPE should be removed prior to leaving the work area, except _______
respirators
Order for putting on PPE:
gown
mask
goggles
gloves
Order for taking off PPE:
gloves
goggles
gown
mask
Wear gloves when there is a potential contact with ____, _____, ______, _______ or _______
blood
body fluids
mucous membranes
nonintact skin
contaminated equipment
How to remove gloves properly
the first glove, pull the wrist section of the glove towards the fingers, turning the glove inside out as it is removed. Place the removed glove in the hand still wearing a glove. Pull the second glove off like the first and you should have both gloves inside out as it is removed
How to remove a gown properly
Remove your gloves, untie the strings, pull the gown forward from the shoulders using the neck strings, grab the inside shoulder seams, pull it off the arms and turn it inside out as it is removed
Wear a facemask to protect nose and mouth during times where contact with ______ and sprays of _____ or _____ is possible.
respiratory secretions
blood
body fluids
Wear eye protection during times where contact with ______ and sprays of _____ or ______ is possible
respiratory secretions
blood
body fluids
used to protect others from germs in patients that have stool incontinence, draining wounds and/or skin lesions that cannot be covered or uncontrolled secretions
contact precautions
enteric diseases
difficile, rotavirus, norovirus
wound and skin infections
MRSA, VRE, scabies, impetigo
used to protect others from germs in the patient’s nose, mouth, throat, and lungs
Droplet precautions
_____ precautions are used with patients suspected infection and that exhibit sneezing, coughing, or spitting
droplet
______ precautions are used for patients with pneumonia, influenza, adenovirus, mumps, rubella, meningitis, bordatella pertussis
Droplet precautions
Droplet precautions PPE
wear a facemask for close contact with the patient
wear gloves when touching the patient and items in the patient’s immediate environment
wear a gown or goggles if excessive spraying of respiratory fluids is anticipated
patient should wear a facemask when exiting the exam room
strict isolation, separation from others to prevent the spread by contact or airborne transmission of highly contagious diseases
airborne precautions
Infections associated with airborne precautions
tuberculosis, measles, chicken pox, shingles
Airborne precautions PPE
fitted N-95 mask or higher level disposable respirator when in the patient’s room
put respirator on before entering the room and after exiting the room
wear a gown and/or goggles if excessive spraying of respiratory fluids is anticipated
patient should wear a facemask when exiting the room
All items and personnel in a sterile field must be _____
sterile
When in doubt about sterility:
discard the potentially contaminated item and begin again
Sterile fields become ____ fields if left unmonitored
unsterile
Edges of sterile areas or fields, generally the outer ____ are not considered sterile.
inch
Sterile individuals must pass each other ______ when moving around the procedure room
back to back
_______ devices come in contact with intact skiin
non critical
______ devices come in contact with high risk patients, non-intact skin, or mucous membranes
semi critical
____ devices are used in a sterile field or within blood vessel
critical
___ or ______ disinfection performed for transducer used for standard examinations over intact skin
low
intermediate
____ disinfection refers to the use of a chemical solution on a transducer to release or eliminate all microorganisms, except bacterial spores
high
The type of high level disinfection used relates to differences in ___, _____, _______, ______, and ______
soak time
rinse time
temperature maintenance
required ventilation
duration of use of solution
Certain chemicals are unsafe to use on the transducer due to the potential for deterioration of the ______ and glues used to assemble the transducer
matching layer
Never immerse the _____ component of the transducer in the disinfectant
electrical
_____ and _____ are NOT acceptable for high level disinfectants
sprays
wipes
refers to the complete destruction of all living organisms on an object using exposure to heat, chemicals, or radiation
sterilization
Needle guides on transducers are ______ devices that require sterilization after each patient
critical
Transducers cannot be thermally sterilized because heating the PE element above the _____ can cause it to lose its piezoelectric properties/
Curie Point
PZT has a Cure Point of ______ degrees Celcius
300-400
Adult and child CPR __:__ compression to breath ratios single rescuer technique
30
2
Choking protocol standing
Heimlich Maneuver
Choking protocol unconsious
abdominal thrusts, open airway, 2 breaths
Syncope protocol
place patient on their back with legs elevated
created by congress to become apart of the Department of Labor; the purpose is to assure safe and healthful working conditions by setting and enforcing standards and by providing training, outreach, education, and assistance
Occupation Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
_______ are the #1 risk for electrical shock to patient and technologist
cracks in housing
NPO status helps with:
reduction of bowel gas that could obscure adjacent structures
allows gallbladder to fill with bile for better visualization
decreases peristalsis in the GI to improve visualization of adjacent structures that could be obscured by part of the stomach or intestines
The Joint Commission recommends using __ identifiers for each patient
2
Acceptable identifiers
patient name
date of birth
medical record number
photo ID
professional negligence by a healthcare professional in which the patient received substandard care or treatment that caused harm, injury, or death to a patient
Medical malpractice
a legal doctrine that holds an employer legally responsible for the unlawful acts of an employee when they occur within the scope of their employment
respondeat superior
the principle that states that if an accident occurs, it implies negligence
res ipsa loquitur
defined as behavior that no careful, reasonable, or prudent person would commit
medical negiglence
______ is required for all invasive procedures
informed consent
mandates industry wide standards for health care information on electronic billing and other processes
HIPAA
individually identifiable health information
PHI
State and federal regulations prohibit the use of a patient’s ________ as an identifier on imaging exams
social security number
_____ frequency transducers are used for thinner patients and superficial structure
higher
small parts, extremity vascular, musculoskeletal exams should use the _______ transducer
linear array
abdominal, pelvic, OB should use the ______, ______, or ______ transducer
curved array
linear array
vector array
Cardiac exams should use the _____ or _____ transducer
sector array
vector array
Inappropriate presets can ____ the images and ______ exam time
degrade
extend
If the venous preset is selected for an arterial exam, _______ of the arterial signal is likely to occur
aliasing
Venous flow velocities are much ______ than arterial
lower
techniques used to prevent WRMSDs
ergonomics
Sonographers typically experience _____ and ____ issues
shoulder
neck
Arm abduction should be limited to a small angle and reach should be limited to __ cm or less to minimize potential injury
30
Sonographer that must stand should balance their weight on both feet to prevent ____ and ____ injuries
hip
back
Ultrasound system monitor should be adjusted to a position level with the sonographer’s line of sight that allows a _____ neck position
neutral
The wrist should be in a neutral position of flexed/extended at an angle less than ___ degrees
15
_____ function measures area of a circle
ellipse
most commonly used on OB biometry measurements
ellipse function
length x width
area
length x width x heightx 0.523
volume
commonly used to assess the bladder, ovaries, prostate, and cardiac chambers
volume
two factors that are related to each other and as one changes the other changes in the same way
directly proportional
If the Doppler shift increases, the calculated velocity _____
increases
If the power of the beam decreases, the intensity of the beam ______
decreases
two factors that are related to each other and as one changes the other changes in the opposite way
indirectly proportional
if the vessel diameter decreases, the velocity ______
increases
If the frequency of a sound wave decreases, the _____ wavelength of the beam ______
increases
100,000 cm is equal to ____
1 km
7 MHZ US probe uses ____ kHz or _____Hz
7000
7000000
5 mm is equal to __ meters
.005
65 cm is equal to ___ meters
0.65
4 MHz frequency increases by a factor of 4=
16 MHz
increase by a factor of means ______ by that number
multiply
Decrease by a factor of means _____ by that number
divide
4 MHz frequency decreases by a factor of 4 =
1 MHz
the inverse of a number
reciprocal
As the units get larger, the number gets ____
smaller
100mm =
10 cm
Distance units
mm
cm
volume units
cm cubed
area units
cm squared
mm squared
frequency units
Hz
wavelength units
mm
PRF units
kHz
PRP units
ms
intensity units
mw/cm squared
smallest unit of a digital memory
bit
bit is also known as
binary digit
a bit has a value of __ or __
0
1
a group of bits
binary numbers
system used by computers to process information
binary numbers
used to determine echo placement on our screens
binary numbers
binary number 0 =
position is off
binary number 1=
position is on
a term used to compare the relative powers, intensities, or amplitude of 2 sound energy levels
decibel system
changes in intensity are expressed in a logarithmic scale
decibel system
represent the ratio of 2 intensity levels
decibels
a +3 decibel increase will ____ the power or intensity
double
A -3 decibel decrease will ____ the power or intensity
half
used to describe numbers
logarithms
exponent to which the vase must be raised to produce that number
logarithm
