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PHYSICS > Chapter 2 Penny > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Penny Flashcards

1
Q

the diameter of the piezoelectric element(s) producing the beam

A

aperture

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2
Q

the transducer with multiple active elements

A

array

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3
Q

same as real-time ultrasound

A

automatic scanning

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4
Q

the ability to accurately identify reflectors that are arranged parallel to the ultrasound beam

A

axial resolution

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5
Q

the damping material of the transducer assembly, which reduces the number of cycles produced in a pulse

A

backing material

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6
Q

the range of frequencies present within the beam

A

bandwidth

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7
Q

occurs when in-phase waves meet; the amplitudes of the two waves are added to form one large wave

A

constructive interference

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8
Q

the ability to differentiate one shade of gray from another

A

contrast resolution

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9
Q

a synonym for the active element of the transducer, the piezoelectric part of the transducer assembly that produces sound

A

crystal

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10
Q

the temperature at which an ultrasound transducer will gain its piezoelectric properties, and also the temperature at which a transducer will lose the ability to produce sound if heated again above this temperature

A

curie point

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11
Q

the transducer commonly referred to as a curvilinear or convex probe

A

curved sequenced array

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12
Q

the process of reducing the number of cycles of each pulse in order to improve axial resolution

A

damping

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13
Q

same as backing material; the part of the transducer assembly that reduces the number of cycles produced in a pulse

A

damping material

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14
Q

the inability to determine the depth of the reflector if the pulses are sent out too fast for them to be timed

A

depth ambiguity

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15
Q

occurs when out-of-phase waves meet; the amplitude of the resultant wave is smaller than either of the original waves

A

destructive interference

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16
Q

spreading of the beam that occurs in the far zone

A

divergence

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17
Q

the piezoelectric part of the transducer assembly that produces sound

A

element

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18
Q

slice-thickness plane

A

elevational plane

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19
Q

the resolution in the third dimension of the beam

A

elevational resolution

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20
Q

the diverging part of the beam distal to the focal point

A

far zone

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21
Q

the area of the beam with the smallest beam diameter

A

focal point

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22
Q

the portion of the transducer that is in contact with the patient’s skin

A

footprint

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23
Q

three-dimensional ultrasound in real-time

A

4D ultrasound

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24
Q

one complete ultrasound image

A

frame

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25
Q

the number of frames per second

A

frame rate

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26
Q

far zone

A

Fraunhofer zone

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27
Q

the number of cycles per second

A

frequency

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28
Q

the number of cycles per second

A

frequency

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29
Q

near zone

A

Fresnel zone

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30
Q

states that waves are the resultant of the interference of many wavelets produced at the face of the transducer

A

Huygen’s principle

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31
Q

waves whose peaks and troughs overlap

A

in-phase

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32
Q

the ability to accurately identify reflectors that are arranged perpendicular to the ultrasound beam

A

lateral resolution

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33
Q

the man-made ceramic of which many transducer elements are made; abbreviated PZT

A

lead zirconate titanate

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34
Q

the transducer commonly referred to as the linear probe or transducer

A

linear sequenced array

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35
Q

the component of the transducer that is used to step down the impedance from that of the element to that of the patient’s skin

A

matching layer

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36
Q

transducer that acquires real-time volumes using up to 10,000 elements, compared to the 128-512 elements used in a standard 1D array transducer

A

matrix array transducer

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37
Q

transducers with a motor for steering the beam

A

mechanical scanheads

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38
Q

the part of the beam between the element and the focal point

A

near zone

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39
Q

the length of the region from the transducer face to the focal point

A

near-zone length

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40
Q

waves that are 180 degrees opposite of each other; the peak of one wave overlaps the trough of the other and vice versa

A

out-of-phase

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41
Q

transducer that uses phasing, or small time differences, to steer and focus the beam

A

phased-array

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42
Q

the method of focusing and/or steering the beam by applying electrical impulses to the piezoelectric elements with small times differences between shocks

A

phasing

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43
Q

the ability to convert pressure into electricity and electricity into pressure

A

piezoelectric

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44
Q

a measure of beam purity; the operating frequency of the transducer divided by the bandwidth

A

Quality factor

45
Q

the ability to determine how far away a reflector is so it can be displayed on the screen

A

range resolution

46
Q

without range resolution, there is _______.

A

depth ambiguity

47
Q

live ultrasound, also known as automatic scanning

A

real time

48
Q

the alternatively expand and contract

A

resonate

49
Q

created when one or more pulses of sound return from the tissue containing information related to the depth and amplitude of the reflectors

A

scan lines

50
Q

slice thickness plane

A

section thickness plane

51
Q

the ability of a system to display low-level or weak echoes

A

sensitivity

52
Q

the third dimension of the beam

A

slice-thickness plane

53
Q

the length of the pulse

A

spatial pulse length

54
Q

the ability of the system to distinguish between closely spaced objects; refers to axial, lateral, contrast, and elevational resolution

A

spatial resolution

55
Q

allows the user to see width, height, and depth; may also be referred to as volume scanning

A

3D Ultrasound

56
Q

ability to display moving structures in real time; also known as frame rate

A

temporal resolution

57
Q

any device that converts one form of energy into another; may also refer to the part of the ultrasound machine that produces sound

A

transducer

58
Q

component of the backing material

A

tungsten

59
Q

the leading edge of a wave which is perpendicular to the direction of the propagating wave; formed as a result of Huygen’s principle

A

wavefront

60
Q

a small wave created as a result of Huygen’s principle

A

wavelet

61
Q

F0 = c / 2 x thickness

A

operating frequency

62
Q

provides insulation and protection from electrical shock

A

housing

63
Q

used to transfer electrical signals to and from the transducer

A

wire

64
Q

Advantages of Damping

A

decreases the number of cycles in a pulse
decreases SPL
improves axial resolution

65
Q

Side effects of Damping

A

decreases sensitivity of the transducer
increases the bandwidth
reduces the quality factor

66
Q

Q = Fo / Bandwidth

A

Quality Factor

67
Q

Rectangular shaped image
firing is sequenced
electronic steering available
electronically focused
used for vascular and high-resolution imaging

A

linear sequenced array

68
Q

curved shaped image
firing is sequenced
electronically focused
used for abdominal, gynecology, and obstetrics imaging

A

curved sequenced array

69
Q

vector or sector shaped imahe
electronic phased steering and focus
used for cardiac, abdominal, neonatal imaging, and endocavity transducers

A

phased array

70
Q

Synonyms for axial resolution

A

Longitudinal
Axial
Radial
Range
Depth

71
Q

Synonyms for lateral resolution

A

lateral
angular
transverse
azimuthal

72
Q

SPL = ^n

A

Spatial Pulse Length

73
Q

^ = c / f

A

wavelength

74
Q

AR = 1/2SPL

A

axial resolution

75
Q

at a distance of one near-zone length, the beam diameter is equal to _______ of the diameter of the element

A

one-half

76
Q

at a distance of two near zone lengths, the beam diameter again _____ the element diameter

A

equals

77
Q

If frequency increases, NZL ______

A

increases

78
Q

If NZL increases, divergence in the far field ________

A

decreases

79
Q

if aperture increases, NZL _______

A

increases

80
Q

if aperture increases, divergence in the far field ______

A

decreases

81
Q

FR = PRF / LPF

A

frame rate

82
Q

most commonly used man made piezoelectric element

A

lead zirconate titanate

83
Q

328 - 365 degrees celcius

A

curie point

84
Q

Naturally occuring piezoelectric materials

A

quartz
tourmaline

85
Q

the thicker the element, the _______ the frequency

A

lower

86
Q

the thinner the element, the ________ the frequency

A

higher

87
Q

also known as center or operating frequency

A

resonating frequency

88
Q

Resonating frequency medical diagnostic ultrasound transducer

A

2-15 MHz

89
Q

composed of epoxy resin loaded with tungsten

A

backing material

90
Q

2 methods of sending out scan lines to form an image using real time

A

mechanical scanning
electronic scanning

91
Q

Major advantages of mechanical scanheads

A

inexpensive
small footprint

92
Q

Major disadvantages of mechanical scanheads

A

fragile
mechanical elements were easily broken

93
Q

flat-topped trapezoidal image

A

vector

94
Q

all scan lines originate from a common point of origin

A

sector phased array

95
Q

3 different ways to create 3D image

A

freehand
mechanical transducer
electronically

96
Q

spatial resolution can be divided into four components:

A

axial, lateral, elevational, contrast

97
Q

represents time

A

Temporal Resolution

98
Q

3 adjustments that can be made to alter frame rate in gray-scale imaging

A

image depth (PRF)
number of focal zones
number of scan lines per frame or line density

99
Q

PRF is __________ to frame rate

A

directly relatedT

100
Q

The higher the line density, the ______ the temporal resolution

A

worse

101
Q

FR = PRF / number of lines per frame

A

Frame rate

102
Q

In PW operation, the ___________ is the primary determinant of the resonating frequency of the transducer.

A

thickness of the element

103
Q

The diameter of the beam is determined by both the ______ and the ______.

A

frequency
aperture

104
Q

Most transducers have better ______ resolution than ______ resolution

A

axial
lateral

105
Q

The impedance of the matching layer is ______.

A

an intermediate value between the transducer element and tissue

106
Q

If the aperture increases, the near-zone length ______.

A

remains unchanged

107
Q

The dimension perpendicular to the scan plane is called ______.

A

section thickness

108
Q

Electronic scanning is performed by _____ transducers.

A

array

PHYSICS (26 decks)

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