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Chapter 2 Penny Flashcards

1
Q

the diameter of the piezoelectric element(s) producing the beam

A

aperture

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2
Q

the transducer with multiple active elements

A

array

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3
Q

same as real-time ultrasound

A

automatic scanning

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4
Q

the ability to accurately identify reflectors that are arranged parallel to the ultrasound beam

A

axial resolution

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5
Q

the damping material of the transducer assembly, which reduces the number of cycles produced in a pulse

A

backing material

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6
Q

the range of frequencies present within the beam

A

bandwidth

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7
Q

occurs when in-phase waves meet; the amplitudes of the two waves are added to form one large wave

A

constructive interference

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8
Q

the ability to differentiate one shade of gray from another

A

contrast resolution

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9
Q

a synonym for the active element of the transducer, the piezoelectric part of the transducer assembly that produces sound

A

crystal

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10
Q

the temperature at which an ultrasound transducer will gain its piezoelectric properties, and also the temperature at which a transducer will lose the ability to produce sound if heated again above this temperature

A

curie point

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11
Q

the transducer commonly referred to as a curvilinear or convex probe

A

curved sequenced array

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12
Q

the process of reducing the number of cycles of each pulse in order to improve axial resolution

A

damping

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13
Q

same as backing material; the part of the transducer assembly that reduces the number of cycles produced in a pulse

A

damping material

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14
Q

the inability to determine the depth of the reflector if the pulses are sent out too fast for them to be timed

A

depth ambiguity

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15
Q

occurs when out-of-phase waves meet; the amplitude of the resultant wave is smaller than either of the original waves

A

destructive interference

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16
Q

spreading of the beam that occurs in the far zone

A

divergence

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17
Q

the piezoelectric part of the transducer assembly that produces sound

A

element

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18
Q

slice-thickness plane

A

elevational plane

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19
Q

the resolution in the third dimension of the beam

A

elevational resolution

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20
Q

the diverging part of the beam distal to the focal point

A

far zone

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21
Q

the area of the beam with the smallest beam diameter

A

focal point

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22
Q

the portion of the transducer that is in contact with the patient’s skin

A

footprint

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23
Q

three-dimensional ultrasound in real-time

A

4D ultrasound

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24
Q

one complete ultrasound image

A

frame

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25
the number of frames per second
frame rate
26
far zone
Fraunhofer zone
27
the number of cycles per second
frequency
28
the number of cycles per second
frequency
29
near zone
Fresnel zone
30
states that waves are the resultant of the interference of many wavelets produced at the face of the transducer
Huygen's principle
31
waves whose peaks and troughs overlap
in-phase
32
the ability to accurately identify reflectors that are arranged perpendicular to the ultrasound beam
lateral resolution
33
the man-made ceramic of which many transducer elements are made; abbreviated PZT
lead zirconate titanate
34
the transducer commonly referred to as the linear probe or transducer
linear sequenced array
35
the component of the transducer that is used to step down the impedance from that of the element to that of the patient's skin
matching layer
36
transducer that acquires real-time volumes using up to 10,000 elements, compared to the 128-512 elements used in a standard 1D array transducer
matrix array transducer
37
transducers with a motor for steering the beam
mechanical scanheads
38
the part of the beam between the element and the focal point
near zone
39
the length of the region from the transducer face to the focal point
near-zone length
40
waves that are 180 degrees opposite of each other; the peak of one wave overlaps the trough of the other and vice versa
out-of-phase
41
transducer that uses phasing, or small time differences, to steer and focus the beam
phased-array
42
the method of focusing and/or steering the beam by applying electrical impulses to the piezoelectric elements with small times differences between shocks
phasing
43
the ability to convert pressure into electricity and electricity into pressure
piezoelectric
44
a measure of beam purity; the operating frequency of the transducer divided by the bandwidth
Quality factor
45
the ability to determine how far away a reflector is so it can be displayed on the screen
range resolution
46
without range resolution, there is _______.
depth ambiguity
47
live ultrasound, also known as automatic scanning
real time
48
the alternatively expand and contract
resonate
49
created when one or more pulses of sound return from the tissue containing information related to the depth and amplitude of the reflectors
scan lines
50
slice thickness plane
section thickness plane
51
the ability of a system to display low-level or weak echoes
sensitivity
52
the third dimension of the beam
slice-thickness plane
53
the length of the pulse
spatial pulse length
54
the ability of the system to distinguish between closely spaced objects; refers to axial, lateral, contrast, and elevational resolution
spatial resolution
55
allows the user to see width, height, and depth; may also be referred to as volume scanning
3D Ultrasound
56
ability to display moving structures in real time; also known as frame rate
temporal resolution
57
any device that converts one form of energy into another; may also refer to the part of the ultrasound machine that produces sound
transducer
58
component of the backing material
tungsten
59
the leading edge of a wave which is perpendicular to the direction of the propagating wave; formed as a result of Huygen's principle
wavefront
60
a small wave created as a result of Huygen's principle
wavelet
61
F0 = c / 2 x thickness
operating frequency
62
provides insulation and protection from electrical shock
housing
63
used to transfer electrical signals to and from the transducer
wire
64
Advantages of Damping
decreases the number of cycles in a pulse decreases SPL improves axial resolution
65
Side effects of Damping
decreases sensitivity of the transducer increases the bandwidth reduces the quality factor
66
Q = Fo / Bandwidth
Quality Factor
67
Rectangular shaped image firing is sequenced electronic steering available electronically focused used for vascular and high-resolution imaging
linear sequenced array
68
curved shaped image firing is sequenced electronically focused used for abdominal, gynecology, and obstetrics imaging
curved sequenced array
69
vector or sector shaped imahe electronic phased steering and focus used for cardiac, abdominal, neonatal imaging, and endocavity transducers
phased array
70
Synonyms for axial resolution
Longitudinal Axial Radial Range Depth
71
Synonyms for lateral resolution
lateral angular transverse azimuthal
72
SPL = ^n
Spatial Pulse Length
73
^ = c / f
wavelength
74
AR = 1/2SPL
axial resolution
75
at a distance of one near-zone length, the beam diameter is equal to _______ of the diameter of the element
one-half
76
at a distance of two near zone lengths, the beam diameter again _____ the element diameter
equals
77
If frequency increases, NZL ______
increases
78
If NZL increases, divergence in the far field ________
decreases
79
if aperture increases, NZL _______
increases
80
if aperture increases, divergence in the far field ______
decreases
81
FR = PRF / LPF
frame rate
82
most commonly used man made piezoelectric element
lead zirconate titanate
83
328 - 365 degrees celcius
curie point
84
Naturally occuring piezoelectric materials
quartz tourmaline
85
the thicker the element, the _______ the frequency
lower
86
the thinner the element, the ________ the frequency
higher
87
also known as center or operating frequency
resonating frequency
88
Resonating frequency medical diagnostic ultrasound transducer
2-15 MHz
89
composed of epoxy resin loaded with tungsten
backing material
90
2 methods of sending out scan lines to form an image using real time
mechanical scanning electronic scanning
91
Major advantages of mechanical scanheads
inexpensive small footprint
92
Major disadvantages of mechanical scanheads
fragile mechanical elements were easily broken
93
flat-topped trapezoidal image
vector
94
all scan lines originate from a common point of origin
sector phased array
95
3 different ways to create 3D image
freehand mechanical transducer electronically
96
spatial resolution can be divided into four components:
axial, lateral, elevational, contrast
97
represents time
Temporal Resolution
98
3 adjustments that can be made to alter frame rate in gray-scale imaging
image depth (PRF) number of focal zones number of scan lines per frame or line density
99
PRF is __________ to frame rate
directly relatedT
100
The higher the line density, the ______ the temporal resolution
worse
101
FR = PRF / number of lines per frame
Frame rate
102
In PW operation, the ___________ is the primary determinant of the resonating frequency of the transducer.
thickness of the element
103
The diameter of the beam is determined by both the ______ and the ______.
frequency aperture
104
Most transducers have better ______ resolution than ______ resolution
axial lateral
105
The impedance of the matching layer is ______.
an intermediate value between the transducer element and tissue
106
If the aperture increases, the near-zone length ______.
remains unchanged
107
The dimension perpendicular to the scan plane is called ______.
section thickness
108
Electronic scanning is performed by _____ transducers.
array

PHYSICS (26 decks)

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