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PHYSICS > Chapter 7 Kremkau Final review > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Kremkau Final review Flashcards

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1
Q

improper Doppler-shift information from a pulsed spectral-Doppler or color- Doppler instrument when the true Doppler exceeds one-half the pulse repetition frequency

A

aliasing

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2
Q

echo-free

A

anechoic

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3
Q

a series of closely spaced reverberation echos

A

comet tail

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4
Q

leakage of strong signals in one direction channel of a Doppler receiver into the other channel; can produce the spectral_doppler mirror image artifact

A

cross-talk

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5
Q

increase in echo amplitude from reflectors that lie behind a weakly attenuating structure

A

enhancement

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6
Q

having relatively weak echoes.

A

hypoechoic

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7
Q

an artifactual gray-scale, color flow, or Doppler signal appearing on the opposite side of a strong reflector

A

mirror image

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8
Q

the Doppler-shift frequency above which aliasing occurs; one-half of the pulse-repetition frequency

A

nyquist limit

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9
Q

an artifact produced when echoes are placed too close to the transducer because a second pulse was emitted before they were received from the first pulse

A

range ambiguity

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10
Q

multiple reflections

A

reverberation

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11
Q

reduction in echo amplitude from reflectors that lie behind a strongly reflecting or attenuating structure

A

shadowing

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12
Q

thickness of the scanned tissue volume perpendicular to the scan place

A

slice thickness

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13
Q

the granular appearance of images and spectral displays that is caused by the interference of echoes from the distribution of scatterers in tissue

A

speckle

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14
Q

propagation speed that is different from the assumed value (1.54 mm/us)

A

speed error

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15
Q

The pulser of an instrument automatically reduces the PRF for deeper imaging to avoid the _____ artifact.

A

range ambiguity

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16
Q

If an echo arrives 143 us after the pulse that produced it was emitted, it should be located at a depth of ____ cm. If a second pulse was emitted 13 us before the arrival of this echo, it will be placed incorrectly at a depth of ____ cm.

A

11, 1

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17
Q

If the propagation speed in a soft tissue path is 1.60 mm/us, a diagnostic instrument assumes a propagation speed too _____ and will show reflectors too _____ the transducer.

A

low, close to

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18
Q

True or false:

Mirror image can occur with only one reflector.

A

false

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19
Q

The most common artifact encountered in Doppler ultrasound is _____.

A

aliasing

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20
Q

Which of the following can reduce or eliminate aliasing?
a. increased PRF
b. increased Doppler angle
c. increased operating frequency
d. use of continuous wave mode
e. more than one of the above

A

e (a b d)

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21
Q

True or false

Shadowing results in decreased echo amplitudes

A

true

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22
Q

Propagation speed error results in improper ____ position of a reflector on the display

A

axial

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23
Q

To avoid aliasing, a signal voltage must be sampled at least ____ time(s) per cycle.

A

2

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24
Q

If the highest Doppler-shift frequency present in a signal exceeds _____ the PRF, aliasing will occur.

A

one-half

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25
Q

When Doppler gain is set too high, which artifact is likely to occur?

A

spectrum mirror image

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26
Q

Which artifact should be suspected if one observes twin gestational sacs when scanning through the rectus abdominis muscle?

A

refraction

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27
Q

Range ambiguity can occur in which of the following?
a. imaging instruments
b. duplex instruments
c. pulsed-wave Doppler instruments
d. color flow instruments
e. all of the above

A

e

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28
Q

If red represents a positive Doppler shift and blue represents a negative one, what color is seen for normal flow toward the transducer? What color is seen for aliasing flow toward the transducer? What colors are seen for normal flow away and for aliasing flow away from the transducer?

A

red, blue, blue, red

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29
Q

When a pulse is emitted before all the echoes from the previous pulse have been received, which artifact occurs?

A

range ambiguity

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30
Q

When a strong reflector is located on the scan plane, which of the following artifacts is likely to occur?

A

location mirror image

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31
Q

if the PRF is 4 kHz, which of the following Doppler shifts will cause aliasing?
a. 1 kHz
b. 2 kHz
c. 3 kHz
d. 4 kHz

A

e (c d)

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32
Q

If the PRF is 10 kHz, which of the following Doppler shifts will cause aliasing?
a. 1 kHz
b. 2 kHz
c. 3 kHz
d. 4 kHz
e. none of the above

A

e

33
Q

There is no problem with aliasing as long as the Doppler shifts are ______ half the PRF.

A

less than

34
Q

True or false

If Doppler shift is 2.6 kHz, no aliasing would result with a PRF of 10 kHz.

A

true

35
Q

When a pulse is emitted before all the echoes from the previous pulse have been received, which artifact occurs?

A

range ambiguity

36
Q

When a strong reflector is located in the scan plane, which of the following artifacts is likely to occur?
a. aliasing
b. range ambiguity
c. spectrum mirror image
d. location mirror image
e. speckle

A

d

37
Q

Increasing PRF to avoid aliasing can cause the following:
a. baseline shift
b. range ambiguity
c. spectrum mirror image
d. location mirror image
e. speckle

A

b

38
Q

Which of the following decreases the likelihood of range-ambiguity artifact?
a. decreasing operating frequency
b. decreasing PRF
c. decreasing Doppler angle
d. baseline shift
e. increasing pulser output

A

b

39
Q

Range ambiguity produces which error in a spectal-Doppler studies?

A

incorrect gate location

40
Q

Range ambiguity producces which error in anatomic imaging?

A

range too short

41
Q

If a pulse is emitted 65 us after the previous one, echoes returning for beyond, ______ cm will produce range ambiguity.

A

5

42
Q

If the maximum imaging depth is 5 cm, the frequency is 2 MHz, and the Doppler angle is zero, what is the maximum flow speed that will avoid aliasing and range ambiguity?

A

300 cm/s

43
Q

True or False

Solving aliasing be decreasing operating frequency increases the possibility of range-ambiguity artifact.

A

true

44
Q

True or False

If operating frequency is increased to decrease the possibility of range ambiguity ( by increasing attenuation), the possibility of alising increases.

A

true

45
Q

if a pulsed-wave Doppler sample volume is located at a depth of 8 cm, the sampled echoes arrive at what time following the emission of the pulse?

A

104 us

46
Q

Which of the following instruments can produce aliasing?
a. continuous-wave Doppler
b. pulsed-wave Doppler
c. duplex
d. color Doppler
e. more than one of the above

A

e (b c d)

47
Q

The pulser of an instrument automatically reduces the PRF for deeper imaging to avoid the ______ artifact.

A

range ambiguity

48
Q

If an echo arrives 143 us after the pulse that produced it was emitted, it should be located at a depth of ____ cm. If a second pulse was emitted 13 us before the arrival of this echo, it will be placed incorrectly at a depth of ____cm.

A

11, 1

49
Q

If the propagation speed in soft tissue path is 1.60 mm/us, a diagnostic instrument assumes a propagation speed too _____ and will show reflectors too ______ the transducer.

A

low, close to

50
Q

Mirror image can occur with only one reflector.

A

false

51
Q

The most common artifact encountered in Doppler ultrasound is ____

A

aliasing

52
Q

Which of the following can reduce or eliminate aliasing?
a. increased PRF
b. increased Doppler angle
c. increased operating frequency
d. use of continuous wave mode
e. more than one of the above

A

e

53
Q

The fine texture in soft tissue indicated the excellent resolution that actually exists there.

A

false

54
Q

The fact that a beam, as it scans through tissue, has some nonzero width perpendicular to the scan plane results in the ______ artifact.

A

slice thickness

55
Q

Which of the following can cause improper location of objects on a display?
a. shadowing
b. enhancement
c. speed error
d. mirror image
e. refraction
f. grating love

A

c

56
Q

Refraction can cause shadowing

A

true

57
Q

Reverberation results in added reflectors being imaged with equal ______.

A

separation

58
Q

In reverberation, subsequent reflections are _____ than previous ones.

A

weaker

59
Q

Enhancement is caused by a _____.

A

weakly attenuating structure

60
Q

Which of the following can correct or eliminate aliasing?
a. decreased PRF
b. decreased Doppler angle
c. increased operating frequency
d. baseline shifting
e. more than one of the above

A

d

61
Q

shadowing results in decreased echo amplitudes

A

true

62
Q

Propagation speed error results in improper _____ position of a reflector on the display.

A

axial

63
Q

To avoid aliasing, a signal voltage must be sampled at least ___ times per cycle(s).

A

2

64
Q

If the highest Doppler-shift frequency present in a signal exceeds ______ the PRF, aliasing will occur

A

one-half

65
Q

There is no problem with aliasing as long as the Doppler shifts are _____ half the PRF.

A

less than

66
Q

If Doppler shift is 2.6 kHz, no aliasing would result with a PRF of 10 kHz

A

true

67
Q

If red represents a positive Doppler shift and blue represents a negative one, what color is seen for normal flow toward the transducer? What color is seen for aliasing flow toward the transducer? What colors are seen for normal flow away and for aliasing flow away from the transducer?

A

red blue blue red

68
Q

When a pulse is emitted before all the echoes from the previous pulse have been received, which artifact occurs?

A

range ambiguity

69
Q

When a strong reflector is located in the scan plane, which of the following artifacts is likely to occur?
a. aliasing
b. range ambiguity
c. spectrum mirror image
d. location mirror image
e. speckle

A

d

70
Q

Increasing PRF to avoid aliasing can cause:

A

range ambiguity

71
Q

Which of the following decreases the likelihood of range ambiguity artifact?
a. decreasing operating frequency
b. decreasing PRF
c. decreasing Doppler angle
d. baseline shift
e. increasing pulser output

A

b

72
Q

Range ambiguity produces which error in spectral-Doppler studies?

A

incorrect gate location

73
Q

Range ambiguity produces which error in anatomic imaging?

A

range too short

74
Q

If a pulse is emitted 65 us after the previous one, echoes returning from beyond _____ cm will produce range ambiguity.

A

5

75
Q

If the maximum imaging depth is 5 cm, the frequency is 2 MHz, and the Doppler angle is zero, what is the maximum flow speed that will avoid aliasing and range ambiguity?

A

300 cm/s

76
Q

Solving aliasing by decreasing operating frequency increases the possibility of range-ambiguity artifact

A

true

77
Q

If operating frequency is increased to decrease the possibility of aliasing increases.

A

true

78
Q

If a pulsed-wave Doppler sample volume is located at a depth of 8 cm, the sampled echoes arrive at what time following the emission of the pulse?

A

104 us

79
Q

Which of the following instruments can produce aliasing?
a. continuous-wave Doppler
b. pulsed-wave Doppler
c. duplex
d. color Doppler
e. more than one of the above

A

e

PHYSICS (26 decks)

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