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PHYSICS > Chapter 4 Penny > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Penny Flashcards

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1
Q

the wraparound of the spectral of color Doppler display that occurs when the frequency shift exceeds the Nyquist limit; occurs only with pulsed-wave Doppler

A

aliasing

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2
Q

the tool used to inform the machine what the flow is to that the velocities can be accurately calculated

A

angle correction

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3
Q

the color Doppler processing technique that assesses pixels as stationary or in motion

A

autocorrelation

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4
Q

the acronym used to describe color-Doppler display; “blue away, red toward’

A

BART

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5
Q

the operator-adjustable dividing line between positive frequency shifts and negative frequency shifts on spectral and color Doppler

A

baseline

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6
Q

the principle that describes the inverse relationship between velocity and pressurew

A

Bernouli’s principle

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7
Q

the Doppler device that can detect positive and negative Doppler shifts

A

bidirectional Doppler

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8
Q

the stationary layer of blood cells immediately adjacent to the vessel wall

A

boundary layer

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9
Q

the term describing the intensity or luminance of the color Doppler display

A

brightness

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10
Q

the muscles in the calf that, upon contraction, propel venous blood toward the heart

A

calf muscle pump

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11
Q

the ability of veins to store blood

A

capacitance

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12
Q

acoustic noise in the color and/or spectral Doppler signal

A

clutter

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13
Q

accessory vessels that connect portions of the same blood vessel together

A

collateral blood vessels

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14
Q

Doppler shift information presented as a color (hue) superimposed over the grayscale image

A

color Doppler imaging

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15
Q

the setting for color Doppler that allows the operator to select frequency shift threshold, it determines whether color pixels should be displayed preferentially over grayscale pixels

A

color priority

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16
Q

the equation that describes the change in velocity as the area changes in order to maintain the volume of blood flow

A

continuity equation

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17
Q

Doppler device that uses continuous-wave ultrasound transmission; a device that consists of two elements, one element is used by the system to constantly transmit sound and the other is used to constantly receive sound

A

continuous-wave Doppler

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18
Q

the point at which a stenosis is hemodynamically significant with a pressure drop distal to the stenosis

A

critical stenosis

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19
Q

the inability to determine the depth of the reflector if the pulses are sent out too fast for them to be timed

A

depth ambiguity

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20
Q

the relaxation of the heart following contraction

A

diastole

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21
Q

the change in the frequency of the received signal related to the motion of reflector

A

Doppler effect

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22
Q

the equation that explains the relationship of the Doppler frequency shift to the frequency of the transducer, the velocity of the blood, the angle of blood flow, and the propagation speed

A

Doppler equation

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23
Q

real-time two-dimensional imaging combined with the spectral Doppler display

A

duplex

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24
Q

the sum of the individual resistances when multiple vessels are connected in series

A

effective resistance

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25
Q

the difference in energy between two points

A

energy gradient

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26
Q

the number of pulses per scan line in color Doppler; also referred to as packet size

A

ensemble length

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27
Q

pressure applied to the outside of an object

A

extrinsic pressure

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28
Q

a mathematical process used for analyzing and processing the Doppler signal to produce the spectral waveform

A

fast Fourier transform

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29
Q

a motion artifact caused by the movement of tissue when using power Doppler

A

flash artifact

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30
Q

the volume of blood per unit time; typically measured in liter per minute or milliliter per second, represented the symbol Q

A

flow

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31
Q

the difference between the transmitted and received frequencies

A

frequency shift

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32
Q

a form of resistance, caused by two materials rubbing against each other, thereby converting energy to heat

A

friction

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33
Q

critical stenosis

A

hemodynamically significant stenosis

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34
Q

the study of blood flow through the blood vessels of the body

A

hemodynamics

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35
Q

a term used to describe displayed colors

A

hue

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36
Q

describes the relationship between gravity, density of the blood, and distance between an arbitrary reference point

A

hydrostatic pressure

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37
Q

Newton’s principle that states that an object at rest stays at rest and an object in motion stays in motion unless acted on by an outside force

A

inertia

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38
Q

supplied with nerves

A

innervated

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39
Q

the energy form of flowing blood

A

kinetic energy

40
Q

the flow profile represented by blood that travels in nonmixing layers of different velocities, with the fastest flow in the center and the slowest flow near the vessel walls

A

laminar flow

41
Q

the total amount of energy in a system never changes, although it might be in a different form from which it is started

A

law of conservation of energy

42
Q

the brightness of the color Doppler image

A

luminance

43
Q

millimeters of mercury

A

mmHg

44
Q

low-level echoes on the display that do not contribute useful diagnostic information

A

noise

45
Q

Doppler device that cannot differentiate between positive and negative frequency shifts

A

nondirectional Doppler

46
Q

a stenosis that does not necessarily compromise blood flow to organs or structures

A

nonhemodynamically significant stenosis

47
Q

the maximum frequency shift sampled without aliasing; equal to one half the pulse repetition frequency

A

Nyquist limit

48
Q

a law used in electronics in which flow is equal to the pressure differential divided by resistance

A

Ohm’s law

49
Q

the component of a continuous-wave Doppler devices that produces the voltage that drives the transducer

A

oscillator

50
Q

the number of pulses per scan line; also called ensemble length

A

packet size

51
Q

the averaging of color frames in order to display blood flow with a long signal-to-noise ratio

A

persistence

52
Q

the component of the Doppler device that determines positive opposed to negative frequency shifts and, therefore, direction of blood flow

A

phase quadrature

53
Q

the characteristic waveform of peripheral veins; flow is determined by respiratory variations as a result of intrathoracic pressure changes

A

phasic flow

54
Q

in arteries, the phasicity describes the shape of the waveform based on the resistiveness of the distal bed
in veins, phasicity describes the flow pattern that results from respiratory variation

A

phasicity

55
Q

the flow profile represented by blood typically flowing at the same velocity

A

plug flow

56
Q

the law that describes the relationship of resistance, pressure, and flow

A

Poisuilles law

57
Q

pressure energy created by the beating heart

A

potential energy

58
Q

Doppler mode in which the signal is determined by the amplitude (strength) of the shift, not the shift itself. Amplitude is directly proportional to the number of red blood cells; also referred to as amplitude Doppler

A

power Doppler

59
Q

the difference between pressures of two points of a blood vessel

A

pressure gradient

60
Q

blood that flows in a pattern representative of the beating heart, with increases and decreases in pressure and blood flow velocity

A

pulsatility

61
Q

Doppler measurement used to determine how pulsatile a vessel is over time

A

Pulsatility index

62
Q

the number of pulses of sound produced in one second

A

pulse repetition frequency

63
Q

the Doppler technique that uses pulses of sound to obtain Doppler signals from a user specified depth

A

pulsed-wave Doppler

64
Q

the gate placed by the operator in the region where Doppler sampling is desired; used with pulsed-wave Doppler

A

range gate

65
Q

the ability to determine the depth of echoes by timing how long it takes for the echoes to go from the transducer to the reflector and back; utilized by pulsed-wave devices

A

range resolution

66
Q

very small reflectors, like red blood cells

A

Rayleigh scatterers

67
Q

the downstream impedance to flow; determined by vessel length, vessel radius, and viscosity of blood

A

resistance

68
Q

Doppler measurement used to quantitate the resistiveness of the distal bed

A

resistive index

69
Q

the formula used to quantitate the presence of turbulence; Reynolds number greater than 2000 typically indicate turbulence

A

Reynolds number

70
Q

the area within the range gate where the Doppler signals are obtained

A

sample volume

71
Q

the amount of white added to a hue; the more white there is, the less saturated the color

A

saturation

72
Q

the spectral Doppler and color Doppler tool that controls the number of pulses transmitted per second to obtain the Doppler information; also known as pulse repetition frequency in spectral Doppler and color Doppler

A

scale

73
Q

the method used to obtain the strain information

A

speckle tracking

74
Q

the filling of the spectral window

A

spectral broadening

75
Q

the area underneath the envelope on the spectral display

A

spectral window

76
Q

pathologic narrowing of a blood vessel

A

stenosis

77
Q

the changing of the shape of the muscle as it lengthens and contracts

A

strain

78
Q

the operator-adjustable spectral Doppler control that increases or decreases the number of heartbeats visualized on the spectral display

A

sweep speed

79
Q

the time period of the cardiac cycle when the heart is contracting

A

systole

80
Q

an arterial waveform shape with a delayed peak systolic upstroke that indicates proximal obstruction

A

Tardus parvus

81
Q

combination of platelets, red blood cells, and fibrin that make up a blood clot

A

thrombus

82
Q

color Doppler imaging technique used to document wall motion

A

tissue Doppler imaging

83
Q

the difference of pressure inside a vessel compared to the pressure outside of the vessel

A

transmural pressure

84
Q

the ability to visualize real-time grayscale, color Doppler, and spectral Doppler simultaneously

A

triplex

85
Q

the outer layer of a blood vessel

A

tunica adventitia

86
Q

the inner layer of a blood vessel which is closest to the flowing blood

A

tunica intima

87
Q

the middle, muscular layer of a blood vessel

A

tunica media

88
Q

chaotic, disorderly flow of blood

A

turbulent flow

89
Q

the color Doppler scale with mean velocities displayed vertically on the scale and turbulence displayed horizontally

A

variance mode

90
Q

a network of small blood vessels that supply blood to the walls of arteries and veins

A

vasa vasorum

91
Q

the narrowing of a blood vessel caused by the contraction of the vessel wall

A

vasoconstriction

92
Q

the widening of a blood vessel caused by the contraction of the vessel wall

A

vasodilatation

93
Q

the color Doppler scale with mean velocities displayed vertically

A

velocity mode

94
Q

the energy loss caused by friction

A

viscous energy

95
Q

the operator control that eliminates low-frequency, high amplitude signals caused by wall or valve motion; also called high-pass filter

A

wall filter

96
Q

the brightness or amplitude of the dots on a B-mode display; the brighter the dots of the spectral waveform, the more red blood cells that make up the signal

A

z-axis

PHYSICS (26 decks)

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