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PHYSICS > Chapter 4 Kremkau final review > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Kremkau final review Flashcards

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1
Q

mode of operation in which the display presents echo amplitude versus depth

A

A mode

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2
Q

the process by which small voltages are increased to larger one

A

amplification

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3
Q

a device that accomplishes amplification

A

amplifier

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4
Q

related to a procedure or system in which data are represented by proportional, continuously variable, physical quantities

A

analog

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5
Q

a device that converts voltage amplitude to a number

A

analog-to-digital converter

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6
Q

Mode of operation in which the display presents a spot of appropriate brightness for each echo received by the transducer.

A

B mode

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7
Q

A B-mode image that represents an anatomic cross section through the scanning plane

A

B scan

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8
Q

arrangement of electronic components that allows only those electric waves lying within a certain range, or band, of frequencies to pass and blocks all other

A

bandpass filter

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9
Q

the part of an instrument that accomplishes electronic beam scanning, apodization, steering, focusing, and aperture with arrays

A

beam former

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10
Q

having two possible states

A

bistable

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11
Q

binary digit; one or zero

A

bit

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12
Q

a single one- or two-way path for transmitting electric signals, in distinction from other parallel paths; an independent transmission delay line and transducer element path; an independent reception transducer element, amplifier, analog-to-digital converter, and delay line path

A

channel

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13
Q

sequential display of all the frames stored in memory at a controllable frame rate

A

cine loop

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14
Q

a sophisticated form of transmission in which the driving voltage pulses have intrapulse variations in amplitude, frequency, and/or phase

A

coded excitation

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15
Q

equalization of received echo amplitude differences caused by different attenuations for different reflector depths

A

compensation

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16
Q

reduction in differences between small and large amplitudes. Region of high density and pressure in a compressional wave

A

compression

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17
Q

ability of a gray-scale display to distinguish between echoes of slightly different intensities

A

contrast resolution

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18
Q

detection

A

demodulation

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19
Q

compensation

A

depth gain compensation

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20
Q

detection

A

conversion of voltage pulses from radio frequency to video form

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21
Q

related to a procedure or system in which data are represented by numberic digits

A

digital

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22
Q

a device that converts a number to a proportional voltage amplitude

A

digital-to-analog converter

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23
Q

a device that presents a visual image derived from voltages received from an image processor

A

display

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24
Q

ratio (in decibels) of largest to smallest power that a system can handle; ratio of the largest to smallest intensity of echoes encountered

A

dynamic range

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25
Q

imaging tissue stiffness by tracking movement under mechanical stress

A

elastography

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26
Q

a backlighted rectangular matrix of thousands of liquid-crystal display elements

A

flat-panel display

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27
Q

a single image produced by one complete scan of the sound beam

A

frame

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28
Q

number of frames of echo information stored each second

A

frame rate

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29
Q

constant display of one of the frames in memory

A

freeze

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30
Q

ratio (in decibels) of amplifier output to input electric power

A

gain

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31
Q

range of brightness (gray levels) between white and black

A

Gray-scale

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32
Q

the part of the image processor where echo information is stored in image format

A

image memory

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33
Q

an electronic device that manipulates and prepares images for visual presentation

A

image processor

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34
Q

gain controls that enable different gain values to be applied laterally across an image to compensate for differing attenuation values in different anatomic regions

A

lateral gain control

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35
Q

A B-mode presentation of changing reflector position (motion) versus time

A

M mode

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36
Q

the extension of the field of view beyond the normal limits of a transducer scan plane

A

panoramic imaging

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37
Q

averaging sequential frames together

A

persistence

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38
Q

a beam of light

A

physical beam

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39
Q

the system provides means for electronically communicating images and associated information to workstations and devices external to the sonographic instrument, the examining room, and even the building in which the scanning is done

A

picture archiving and communications system

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40
Q

picture element; the unit into which imaging information is divided for a storage and display in a digital instrument

A

pixel

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41
Q

imaging processing done after storage in the memory

A

postprocessing

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42
Q

signal and image processing accomplished before storage in the memory

A

preprocessing

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43
Q

the high frequency generator generates short waves

A

pulse-echo principle

44
Q

voltages representing echoes in cyclic form

A

radio frequency

45
Q

imaging with a rapid frame sequence display

A

real-time

46
Q

a display that, with a sufficient frame rate, appears to image moving structures or a changing scan plane continuously

A

real-time display

47
Q

the number of times each second that information is sent from the image memory to the display. The number of times per second that a computer monitor redraws the information found in the memory

A

refresh rate

48
Q

a line produced on a display that represents ultrasonic echoes returning from the body. A sonographic image is composed of many such lines.

A

scan line

49
Q

the sweeping of a sound beam through the anatomy to produce an image

A

scanning

50
Q

transverse wave

A

shear wave

51
Q

information-bearing voltages in an electric circuit; an acoustic, visual, electric, or other conveyance of information, The physical representation of a message or information

A

signal

52
Q

an electronic device that manipulates electric signals in preparation for appropriate presentation of information contained in them

A

signal processor

53
Q

averaging of frames that view the anatomy from different angles

A

spatial compounding

54
Q

the increase or decrease of the length of a segment of a material, subjected to a stress, divided by its original length

A

strain

55
Q

a force per unit area applied to a material that compresses or stretches it

A

stress

56
Q

ability to distinguish closely spaced events in time; improves with increased frame rate

A

temporal resolution

57
Q

equalization of echo amplitude differences caused by different attenuations for different reflector depths

A

time gain compensation

58
Q

an imaginary beam that describes the result of retrospective, computed beam forming.

A

virtual beam

59
Q

three-dimensional imaging

A

volume imaging

60
Q

a measure of the hardness of a material. It is the ratio of the applied stress to the resulting strain in a material subjected to the stress

A

Young’s modulus

61
Q

The ultrasound PRF is equal to the voltage ______ repetition frequency of the pulser.

A

pulse

62
Q

Increased voltage amplitude produced by the pulser increases the ______ and _______ of ultrasound pulses produced by the transducer.

A

amplitude, intensity

63
Q

If a 6 MHz transducer images to a depth of 10 cm, to avoid range ambiguity, the maximum PRF permitted is ______.

A

7.7 kHz

64
Q

Functions performed by the signal processor include ______, _______, and _______.

A

filtering, detection, compression

65
Q

If the input voltage to an amplifier is 1 mV and the output voltage is 10 mV, the voltage amplication ratio is ______. The power ratio is ______. The gain is _____ dB.

A

10, 100 20

66
Q

An amplifier with a gain of 60 dB has 1 uW of power applied to the input. The output power is ______ W.

A

1

67
Q

An amplifier with a gain of 60 dB has 10 uV of voltage applied to the input. The output voltage is ______.

A

10

68
Q

Time gain compensation is accomplished in the

A

beam former

69
Q

Compensation takes into account reflector _____.

A

depth

70
Q

Compensation amplifies echoes differently, according to their arrival ______.

A

times

71
Q

Compression decreases the ______ range to a range that the _____ and human _____ can handle.

A

dynamic, display, vision

72
Q

If a display has a dynamic range of 20 dB and the smallest voltage it can handle is 200 mV, then the largest voltage it can handle is _____ V.

A

2.0

73
Q

Detection converts voltage pulses from ______ form to ______ form.

A

radio frequency, amplitude

74
Q

Filtering widens bandwidth

A

false

75
Q

Filtering is accomplished in the

A

signal processor

76
Q

The compression or dynamic range control reduces the range of echo amplitudes displayed by reducing the weakest to _____ and/or the strongest ones to the ______ value and assigning the others to increasing values. This produces a(n) _______ contrast image with elimination of weakest and maximizing of strongest echoes.

A

zero, maximum, higher

77
Q

An amplifier has a power output of 100 mW when the input power is 0.1 mW. The amplifier gain is _____.

A

30

78
Q

If the beam-former output to the transducer is reduced by 3, 6, or 9 dB, the ultrasound pulse output intensity is reduced by _____%, _____%, or _____%, respectively.

A

50, 75, 87.5

79
Q

One watt is _____ dB below 100 W.

A

20

80
Q

One watt is ______ dB above 100 mW.

A

10

81
Q

If the input power is 1 mW and the output is 10,000 mW, the gain is _____ dB.

A

40

82
Q

If an amplifier has a gain of 15 dB, the ratio of output power to input power is ______.

A

32

83
Q

If the output of a 22-dB gain amplifier is connected to the input of a 23-dB gain amplifier, the total gain is _____ dB. The overall power ratio is _____.

A

45, 32,000

84
Q

If a 17-dB electric attenuator is connected to a 15-dB amplifier, the net gain is _____ dB. The net attentuation is _____ dB. The net attenuation is _____ dB. For a 1-W input, the output is _____ W.

A

-2,2,0.63

85
Q

The contrast resolution for an instrument that has an echo dynamic range of 43 dB and 32 shades is ____ dB per shade.

A

1.3

86
Q

The contrast resolution for an instrument that has a 6-bit memory and a 45-dB echo dynamic range is _____ dB per shade.

A

0.7

87
Q

Typical image pixel dimensions are _____.

A

512 x 384

88
Q

_____ total memory elements are required for a 100 x 100 pixel, 5-bit digital memory.

A

50,000

89
Q

Memories of _____ bits per pixel are common in ultrasound today.

A

6 to 8

90
Q

Digital memories store _____.

A

numbers

91
Q

______ is commonly controllable by the operator.

A

postprocessing

92
Q

In binary numbers, how many symbols are used?

A

2

93
Q

The term binary digit is commonly shortened into the single word _____.

A

bit

94
Q

Each binary digit in a binary number is represented in the memory by a memory element, which, at any time, is in one of _____ states that are ______ or ______.

A

2, on, off

95
Q

The binary number 10110 represents zero 1, one 2, one 4, zero 8, and one 16; that is, the decimal number 0+2+4+0+16=22. What decimal number does the binary number 11001 represent?

A

25

96
Q

The decimal number 13 is made up of one 1, zero 2, one 4, and one 8 (8+4+0+1=13). The number therefore is represented by the binary number

A

1101

97
Q

The primary formats of image presentation are called _____ mode, ______ mode, and _____ mode. They are used in _____, ______, and ______ types of clinical imaging, respectively

A

B (brightness), M (motion), A (amplitude), all, cardiac, ophthalmic

98
Q

_____ mode is used for studying the motion of a structure such as a heart valve.

A

M

99
Q

A B scan presents a cross section through the _____ plane.

A

scan

100
Q

A display that shows various echo strengths as different brightnesses is called a ______ - ______ or _______ display.

A

gray-scale, B mode

101
Q

The ______ stores the gray-scale image and allows it to be displayed on a computer monitor.

A

image memory

102
Q

If the PRF of an instrument is 1 kHz and it displays (single focus) 25 frames per second, there are ____ lines per frame.

A

40

103
Q

The PRF is _____ Hz if 30 frames (40 lines each) are displayed per second (single focus).

A

1200

104
Q

Imaging involving 10-cm penetration, a single focus, 100 scan lines per frame, and 30 frames per second can be accomplished without range ambiguity.

A

true

105
Q

The maximum frame rate permitted for 15-cm penetration, 3 foci, and 200 scan lines per frame is _____.

A

8.5

PHYSICS (26 decks)

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