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PHYSICS > Chapter 5 Kremkau > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Kremkau Flashcards

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1
Q

a rapid technique used in most color-Doppler instruments to obtain mean Doppler-shift frequency

A

autocorrelation

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2
Q

movement of the zero Doppler-shift frequency or zero flow speed line up or down on a spectral display

A

baseline shift

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3
Q

pressure reduction in a right of high flow speed

A

Bernouth effect

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4
Q

indicating Doppler instruments capable of distinguishing between positive and negative Doppler shifts (approaching and receding flow)

A

bidirectional

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5
Q

noise in the Doppler signal that generally is caused by high amplitude. Doppler shifted echoes from the heart or vessel walls

A

clutter

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6
Q

the presentation of two dimensional real time Doppler shift information in color superimposed on a real time gray scale anatomic cross-sectional image
Flow directions toward and away from the heart are presented as different colors on the display

A

color-Doppler display

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7
Q

distensibility; nonrigid stretchability of vessels

A

compliance

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8
Q

A Doppler device or procedure that uses continuous-wave ultrasound

A

continuous-wave Doppler

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9
Q

the cosine of angle A in figure C. the length of side B divided by the length of side C.

A

cosine

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10
Q

flow that cannot be described by straight parallel streamlines

A

disturbed flow

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11
Q

the angle between the sound beam and the flow direction

A

Doppler angle

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12
Q

a change in frequency caused by reflector motion

A

Doppler effect

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13
Q

The mathematical description of the relationship between the Doppler shift, frequency, Doppler angle, propagation speed, and reflector speed

A

Doppler equation

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14
Q

Color-doppler display in which colors are assigned according to the strength (amplitude, power, intensity, energy) of the Doppler shifted echoes

A

Doppler-power display

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15
Q

Reflected frequency minus incident frequency; the change in frequency caused by motion

A

Doppler-shift

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16
Q

the range of frequencies present in Doppler shifted echoes

A

doppler spectrum

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17
Q

an ultrasound instrument that combines grayscale sonography with pulsed-Doppler and, possibly, continuous-wave Doppler

A

Duplex instrument

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18
Q

regions of circular flow patterns present in turbulence

A

eddies

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19
Q

number of pulses used to generate one color-Doppler image scan line

A

ensemble length

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20
Q

digital computer implementation of the Fourier transform

A

Fast Fourier transform

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21
Q

an electric circuit that passes frequencies within a defined range

A

filter

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22
Q

to move in a stream; volume flow rate

A

flow

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23
Q

a material that flows and conforms to the shape of its container, a gas or liquid

A

fluid

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24
Q

the range of Doppler-shift frequencies present in the returning echoes

A

frequency spectrum

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25
Q

a device that allows only echoes from a selected depth (arrival time) to pass

A

gate

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26
Q

the color perceived based on the frequency of light

A

hue

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27
Q

resistance to acceleration

A

inertia

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28
Q

flow in which fluid layers slide over each other in a smooth, orderly manner, with no mixing between layers

A

laminar flow

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29
Q

brightness of a presented hue and saturation

A

luminance

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30
Q

laminar flow with a profile in the shape of a parabola

A

parabolic flow

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31
Q

two signals differing by one-fourth of a cycle

A

phase quadrature

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32
Q

flow with all fluid portions traveling with the same flow speed and direction

A

plug flow

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33
Q

unit of viscosity

A

poise

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34
Q

the mathematical description of the dependance of volume flow rate on pressure, vessel length and radius, and fluid viscosity

A

poiseuille equation

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35
Q

the gray scale echo strength below which color-Doppler information is shown preferentially on a display

A

priority

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36
Q

flow that accelerates and decelerates with each cardiac cycle

A

pulsatile flow

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37
Q

a doppler device or procedure that uses pulsed-wave ultrasound

A

Pulsed Doppler

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38
Q

selection of the depth from which echoes are accepted based on echo arrival time

A

range gating

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39
Q

pressure difference divided by volume flow rate for steady flow

A

resistance

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40
Q

the anatomic region from which pulsed Doppler echoes are accepted

A

sample volume

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41
Q

the amount of hue present in a mix with white

A

saturation

42
Q

separation of frequencies in a Doppler signal for display as a Doppler spectrum; the application of the Fourier transform to determine the frequency components present in a Doppler signal

A

spectral analysis

43
Q

the widening of the Doppler-shift spectrum; that is, the increase in the range of Doppler-shift frequencies present that occurs because of a broadened range of flow velocities encountered by the sound beam. This occurs for disturbed and turbulent flows

A

spectral broadening

44
Q

the presentation of Doppler information in a quantitative form of Doppler shift versus time. Visual display of doppler spectrum

A

Spectral-Doppler display

45
Q

a devices that derives a frequency spectrum from a complex signal

A

spectrum analyzer

46
Q

narrowing of a vessel lumen

A

stenosis

47
Q

a line representing the path of motion of a particle of fluid

A

streamlines

48
Q

random, chaotic, multidirectional flow of a fluid with mixing between layers; flow that is not laminar

A

turbulence

49
Q

square of standard deviation; one of the outputs of the autocorrelation process; a measure of spectral broadening

A

variance

50
Q

resistance of a fluid to flow

A

viscosity

51
Q

volume of fluid passing a point per unit of time

A

volumetric flow rate

52
Q

an electric filter that passes frequencies above a set level and eliminates strong, low-frequency Doppler shifts from pulsating heart of vessel walls or tissue motion

A

wall filter

53
Q

an anechoic region appearing beneath echo frequencies presented on a Doppler spectral display

A

window

54
Q

The ____ are the tiniest vessels in the circulatory system.

A

capillaries

55
Q

In which of the following can Doppler ultrasound detect flow?
a. the heart
b. the arteries
c. arterioles
d. capillaries
e. venules
f. veins

A

a, b ,f

56
Q

The flow is to move in a ____.

A

stream

57
Q

The characteristic of a fluid that offers resistance to flow is called ______.

A

viscosity

58
Q

Poise is a unit ______.

A

viscosity

59
Q

Pressure is ______ per unit area.

A

force

60
Q

Pressure is ______.

A

omnidirectional

61
Q

Flow is a response to pressure ______ or _____.

A

difference, gradient

62
Q

If the pressure is greater at one end of a liquid filled tube or vessel that it is at the other, the liquid will flow from the ______ - pressure end to the ______ -pressure end

A

higher, lower

63
Q

Which of the following are parts of the circulatory system?
a. heart
b. cerebral ventricle
c. artery
d. arteriole
e. capillary
f. bile duct
g. venule
h. vein

A

a c d e g h

64
Q

The ______ are the tiniest vessels in the circulatory system.

A

capillaries

65
Q

In which of the following can Doppler ultrasound detect flow?
a. the heart
b. arteries
c. arterioles
d. capillaries
e. venules
f. veins

A

a b f

66
Q

to flow is to move in a

A

stream

67
Q

The characteristic of a fluid that offers resistance to flow is called _____.

A

viscosity

68
Q

Poise is a unit of _____.

A

viscosity

69
Q

Pressure is ______ per unit area.

A

force

70
Q

Pressure is ______.

A

omnidirectional

71
Q

Flow is a response to pressure ______ or _____.

A

difference, gradient

72
Q

If the pressure is greater at one end of a liquid-filled tube or vessel that it is at the other, the liquid will flow from the _____-pressure end to the ______- pressure.

A

higher, lower

73
Q

Flow increases if ______ increase(s).

A

pressure difference and gradient

74
Q

While flow resistance increases, volumetic flow rate

A

decreases

75
Q

If pressure difference is doubled, volumetric flow rate is

A

doubled

76
Q

If flow resistance is doubled, volumetric flow rate is

A

halved

77
Q

Flow resistance in a vessel depends on
a. vessel length
b. vessel radius
c. blood viscosity
d. all of the above
e. none of the above

A

d

78
Q

Flow resistance decreases with an increase in

A

vessel radius

79
Q

Flow resistance depends most strongly on ____

A

vessel radius

80
Q

Volumetric flow rate decreases with an increase in

A

vessel length
blood viscosity

81
Q

When the speed of a fluid is constant across a vessel, the flow is called _____ flow.

A

plug

82
Q

_____ flow occurs when straight parallel steamlines describing the flow are altered.

A

disturbed

83
Q

_____ flow involves random and chaotic flow patterns, with particles flowing in all directions

A

turbulent

84
Q

When the speed of a fluid is constant across a vessel, the flow is called _____ flow.

A

plug

85
Q

Turbulent flow is more likely _____ to a stenosis.

A

distal

86
Q

A narrowing of the lumen of a tube is called a ______.

A

stenosis

87
Q

Proximal to, at, and distal to a stenosis, _____ must be constant

A

volumetric flow rate

88
Q

Poiseuille equation predicts a(n) ______ in flow speed with a decrease in vessel radius.

A

decrease

89
Q

The continuity rule predicts a(n) ______ in flow speed with a decrease in vessel radius.

A

increase

90
Q

In a stenosis, the pressure is ______ the proximal and distal values.

A

less than

91
Q

Added forward flow and flow reversal in diastole can occur with ______ flow.

A

pulsatile

92
Q

While stenosis diameter decreases, ______ pass(es) through a maximum.

A

flow speed at the stenosis and the Doppler shift at the stenosis

93
Q

The ______ effect is used to detect and measure ______ in vessels.

A

Doppler, flow

94
Q

Motion of an echo-generating structure causes an echo to have a different ______ from that of the emitted pulse.

A

frequency

95
Q

If the incident frequency is 1 MHz, the propagation speed is 1600 m/s, and the reflector speed is 16 m/s toward the source, the Doppler shift is _____ MHz, and the reflected frequency is _____ MHz.

A

0.02, 1.026

96
Q

If a 2 MHz ultrasound is reflected from a soft tissue boundary moving at 10 m/s toward the source, the Doppler shift is ____ Hz.

A

0.026

97
Q

If a 2 MHz ultrasound is reflected from a soft tissue boundary moving at 10 m/s away from the source, the Doppler shift is _____ MHz.

A

-0.026

98
Q

The Doppler shift is the difference between _____ and ______ frequencies.

A

received and emitted

99
Q

When incident sound direction and reflector motion are not parallel, calculation of the reflected frequency involves the ______ of the angle between these directions.

A

cosine

100
Q

For an operating frequency of 2 MHz, a flow speed of 10 cm/s toward, and a Doppler angle of 0 degrees, calculate the Doppler shift (kHz)

A

0.26

101
Q

For an operating frequency of 6 MHz, a flow speed of 50 cm/s, and a Doppler angle of 60 degrees, calculate the Doppler shift

A

1.95

PHYSICS (26 decks)

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