Uronephrology Flashcards
With conventional ultrasonography and Doppler mode which indexes can be used to evaluate and detect hemodynamic changes that can affect renal function in cats ?
Resistivity index and pulsatility index.
They are calculated from the systolic and diastolic velocity values obtained by the wave spectrum, and represent the resistance of the vascular wall to blood flow during organ perfusion. These indexes have been used in the evaluation of renal perfusion in humans and dogs, as well as horses and cats.
Ref : JFMS Nov 2022, Evangelista, Evaluating feline lower urinary tract disease: Doppler ultrasound of the kidneys
In which disease resistivity index (RI) and pulsatility index (PI) of the kidneys (calculated in conventional ultrasonography and doppler mode) can be significantly increased in comparison with healthy cats ?
Feline lower urinary tract disease (FLUTD).
Cats with FLUTD showed significantly higher values in the assessment of RI (P = 0.027 and P = 0.034, respectively) and PI (P=0.044 and P=0.048, respectively) of the right and left kidneys, compared with control group.
Ref : JFMS Nov 2022, Evangelista, Evaluating feline lower urinary tract disease: Doppler ultrasound of the kidneys
What are the 3 main types of glomerular disease in dogs ?
Immune complex glomerulonephritis, amyloidosis and glomerulosclerosis
Name three dog breeds predisposed to familial renal amyloidosis
Beagle, English Foxhound and Shar Pei
What type of familial glomerulopathy suffers the soft coated wheaten terrier ?
Podocytopathy
How many dogs with glomerulonephritis and amyloidosis do not have azotemia at initial diagnosis (respectively)?
53% and 26%
How many dogs with glomerulonephritis and amyloidosis have hypoalbuminemia at diagnosis (respectively)?
60% and 70%
How many dogs with glomerulopathies have immune complex glomerulonephritis ?
48,1%
Among dogs with renal biopsies for suspected glomerulopathy, how many have membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis?
26%
What are the histopathologic characteristics of membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis?
Light microscopy: thickened capillary loops and mesangial hypercellularity
IFM: immune complex deposition of a combination of C3 IgM/IgA/IgG in the glomerular basement membrane
TEM: immune depositis
What is the most common glomerular disease in cats ?
Membranous Nephropathy
How many dogs with biopsies for glomerular disease suffer from membranous Nephropathy?
26%
What defect results in hereditary nephritis in dogs ?
Basement membrane collagen IV defect
Name 3 breeds of dog predisposed to renal agenesia
Beagle, Doberman pinscher and Shetland sheepdog
What type of sympathetic and parasympathetic receptors are present in the canine ureters ?
Alpha-1, alpha-2 and beta adrenoreceptors and muscarinic cholinergic receptors
In how many cats medical management of obstructive ureterolith is successful?
8-13%
What is the survival rate to discharge following SUB placement in cats ?
94%
How many ureteroliths in dogs are successfully treated by shock wave lithotripsy?
80% with 50% dogs necessitating at least 2 treatments
How many cats with renal transplant will experience ureteral obstruction secondary to retroperitoneal fibrosis ?
21%
Of recurrent uroliths in dogs, how many are attributable to a nidus of suture ?
9,4%
What is the recurrence rate of calcium oxalate urolith in dogs at 2 years ?
50%
How many cats presented for lower urinary tract signs are diagnosed with urolithiasis ?
7-28%
What is the percentage of clinical response of female dogs suffering from USMI to phenylpropanolamine ?
75-90%
What is the percentage of clinical response of male dogs suffering from USMI to phenylpropanolamine ?
43%
Does castration increases risks for prostatic tumor development in dogs ?
Yes : 8 times increased risks for prostatic transitional cell carcinoma and 2.1 times increased risks for prostatic adenocarcinoma
What is the prevalence of metastasis at the diagnosis of prostatic tumor ?
80%
Who does excrete a small amount of creatinine in urines?
Male dogs
What clinically may cause overestimation of dehydration in uremic pets ?
Xerostomia
Which biomarker is associated with development of azotemia, progression of CKD or death in cats ?
FGF23
What are the 3 layers of the filtration barrier of the glomerulus ?
- Highly fenestrated endothelium
- Glomerular basement membrane (including collagen IV, laminin, heparan-sulfate bound proteoglycans)
- Podocytes (visceral epithelial cells)
Which components of the glomerulus are mainly responsible for the charge selectivity ?
Glycocalyx, GBM and slit diaphragms
Which component of the glomerulus is mainly in charge of the size selectivity?
The GBM
What specific ICGN has been associated with Borrelia burgdorferi?
Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis
Which breeds of dogs and cats may have more commonly medullary amyloid deposition?
Abyssin and Shar-Pei
What is type III cystinuria?
Cystinuria affecting intact male dogs with unknown genetic origin
What is type I cystinuria?
Autosomal recessive mutation of Slc3a1 affecting Newfoundland, Labrador and Landseer
What is the main mechanism of urate stones formation in Dalmatian ?
Decreased uric acid transport through hepatic membrane (decreased conversion), decreased proximal tubular reabsorption and distal tubular secretion (mutation Slc2a9)
What is the main mechanism of ureteral peristaltism ?
Myogenic peristaltism (urine enters -> initiate electrical impulses -> smooth muscle contractions)
Name a risk factor for calcium phosphate stones in dogs.
Hyperparathyroidism
Name three types of stones associated with male sex in dogs.
Silica, Urate, Cystine
What type of urolith is associated with size >10mm, ovoid or pyramidal shape in dogs?
Struvite urolith
