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ECVIM - Ca > Gastroenterology > Flashcards

Gastroenterology Flashcards

1
Q

Risk factors for acute pancreatitis ?

A
  • dietary indiscrétion
  • hypertriglyceridemia
  • hypercalcemia
  • drugs & toxins
  • endocrinopathies (cush, diabète)
  • breed predilection ( min schnauzer)
  • advance âge (> 7 yo)
  • overweight
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2
Q

Name and role of a specific treatment of pancreatitis ?

A

Fuzapladib : leukocyte function-associated antigen type 1 activation inhibitor
JVIM sept 2023 : administration safe and favorable clinical response

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3
Q

What campylobacters are supposed to be pathogenic (diarrhea)?

A

Campylobacter jejuni and coli

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4
Q

How is absorbed alimentary folate?

A

Folate polyglutamate is deconjugated by folate deconjugase on the proximal small intestine and then absorbed via the folate carriers in the proximal intestine

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5
Q

What is the goal of testing fecal alpha1-proteinase inhibitor?

A

To look for gastrointestinal albumin losses (same weight but not digested)

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6
Q

What is the target of antibodies in masticatory muscle myositis in dogs ?

A

2M fibers (antibody positive or immune complexes on biopsy are diagnostic)

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7
Q

What is craniomandibular osteopathy?

A

Woven bone proliferation of the mandibles and temporomandibular joints affecting small breed dogs

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8
Q

What is the main difference in oesophageal musculature between dogs and cats?

A

One third of striated muscles of the oesophagus are replaced by smooth muscles in cats

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9
Q

What are the four phases of swallowing?

A

Oral preparatory, oral, pharyngeal and oesophageal phases

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10
Q

True or false: cervical oesophageal transit is significantly delayed in lateral recumbency vs sternal recumbency in dogs

A

True

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11
Q

Name 2 main host pattern recognition receptor systems of the gastrointestinal tract

A

Toll-like receptors (TLR, transmembranaires) et Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD1 et NOD2, intracellulaires)

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12
Q

Name a gastric parasite of cats

A

Ollulanus tricuspis that can be transmitted via ingested vomitus

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13
Q

Name a gastric parasite of dogs (and cats)

A

Physaloptera spp. that can be transmitted by intermediate and paratenic hosts (cockroaches, beetles, lizards…)

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14
Q

What is the prognosis of gastric pythiosis (Pythium insidiosum)?

A

Poor (<25% of cure with medical therapy alone)

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15
Q

What is the prokinetic effect of erythromycin?

A

Release of motilin

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16
Q

What are the pacemaker cells of the small intestine ?

A

Interstitial cells of Cajal

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17
Q

What are the three phases of fasted small intestinal cycle?

A

Quiescent phase, minor contractile activity phase and migrating myoelectric complexes (MMC, stimulated by motilin)

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18
Q

What type of T cells is prevalent in the lamina propria of dogs ? And cats?

A

Dogs CD4 T cells
Cats CD8 T cells

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19
Q

True or false: pathogenic bacteria induced differentiation to Th17 cells

A

True

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20
Q

True or false: digestive viruses induce differentiation to Th1 cells

A

True

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21
Q

True or false: digestive parasites induce differentiation to Th2 cells

A

True

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22
Q

True or false: IBD is related to abnormal induced Th17 response

A

True

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23
Q

What are large volume of stool, melena, steatorrhoea, absence of tenesmus or mucus or urgency suggestive of?

A

Small intestine diarrhea

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24
Q

What is the point of fecal calprotectin assay?

A

Measure intestinal inflammation (neutrophil elastase activity)

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25
Q

What are EPEC, ETEC and EHEC ?

A

Enteropathic E.coli, enterotoxigenic E.coli and enterohemorrhagic E.coli

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26
Q

What type of E.coli is associated with granulomatous colitis?

A

AIEC (adherent invasive E.coli)

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27
Q

What is salmon poisoning in dogs?

A

Ingestion of Neorickettsia helminthoeca in the fluke Nanophyetus salmincola of the salmon (high fever, GI troubles, polyadenomegaly and high mortality)

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28
Q

What type of hypersensitivity reaction should not be possible with an hydrolyzed diet?

A

Type I (IgE) but type IV (delayed) should still be possible (not with annalergenic)

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29
Q

True or false: LPE of Basenjis is severe and occurs with concomitant hyperglobulinemia

A

True

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30
Q

Where are encountered more frequently adenoma and carcinoma of the GI tract in dogs ? And in cats ?

A

Dogs: Large intestine (then duodenum)
Cats: Small intestine

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31
Q

Where is the preferential localisation of smooth muscle tumors of the GI tract in dogs ? And in cats?

A

Dogs: jejunum and caecum
Cats: small intestine

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32
Q

Name causes of intestinal pseudo-obstruction

A

Leiomyositis, sclerosing enteropathy, alimentary lymphoma (cats)

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33
Q

What is the short bowel syndrome ?

A

The consequences of the absence/resection of 66-85% of small intestine

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34
Q

What part of the GI tract does irrigate the caudal mesenteric artery?

A

Rectum and descending colon with anastomosis to the middle coloc artery (cranial mesenteric artery)

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35
Q

What part of the GI tract does irrigate the cranial mesenteric artery?

A

All the GI tract (with anastomosis to le the left colic artery for descending colon and rectum)

36
Q

Which nerves supply the colon ?

A

Pelvic nerve for the distal colon and vagus nerve for the proximal colon

37
Q

What nervous plexus is present in the submucosa of the large intestine?

A

The submucosal plexus (Meissner’s plexus) with also interstitial cells of Cajal

38
Q

What nervous plexus is present in the muscularis of the large intestine?

A

Myenteric nerve plexus (Auerbach’s plexus)

39
Q

How is absorber water in the (proximal) colon?

A

Passive diffusion thanks to active absorption of sodium

40
Q

What are the 3 major contractions of the large intestine?

A

Ascending: rhythmic phasic contraction (mixing and absorption)
Transverse: retrograde giant contraction (antiperistaltis)
Descending: Giant migrating contraction

41
Q

What does the sympathetic nervous system on the large intestine?

A

Restrict progression of the content and contracting the sphincters

42
Q

What might trigger the defecation reflex ?

A

Ingestion of a meal (gastrocolic reflex) or distension of the distal colon and rectum

43
Q

True or false: FIP can present as a pyogranulomatous mass at the ileocolic junction

A

True

44
Q

Where is found the highest concentration of giardia in dogs? And cats?

A

Dogs: duodenum
Cats: ileum

45
Q

By what cecal inversion may be predisposed (dog)?

A

Trichuris infection

46
Q

What is the sympathetic innervation of the rectoanal apparatus?

A

Via the hypogastric nerve (L1-L4+L5)
Inhibition of rectum and colon, stimulation of internal sphincter

47
Q

What is the parasympathetic innervation of the rectoanal apparatus?

A

Pelvic nerve(S1-S3) stimulates the colon and rectum

48
Q

What is the somatic innervation of the rectoanal apparatus?

A

Pudendal nerve, contraction of the external anal sphincter

49
Q

What is the rectosphincteric inhibition reflex?

A

Inhibition of the internal anal sphincter due to intrarectal increased pressure

50
Q

True or false: a higher expression of relaxin receptors has been found in the muscles of the pelvic diaphragm of dogs with perineal hernia?

A

True (synthesized in the prostate gland)

51
Q

What C. Perfringens enterotoxin genes are associated with AHDS ?

A

NetE and NetF

52
Q

How is absorbed cobalamin ?

A

B12 is released from dietary proteins by pepsin and HCL in the stomach. It is then bound to the R-protein and released from it by pancreatic proteases in the duodenum. It is then bound to the intrinsic factor and absorbed with it in the ileum.

53
Q

Who is more frequently affected by juvenile hyperplastic gingivitis ?

A

Young adult cats (+/- animals on drug: calcium channel blockers, cyclosporine, phenobarbital)

54
Q

What is the only autoantigen recognized in mucous membrane pemphigoid in cats ?

A

Laminine 5
(Dogs: Laminine 5, collagen XVII, integrin alpha6-beta4)

55
Q

What are the risk factors for oral squamous cell carcinoma in cats ?

A

Flea collars, canned tuna, canned cat food, exposure to tobacco smoke

56
Q

What is the most common cause of oesophageal stricture in dogs ?

A

GER during anesthesia

57
Q

What sign regarding the trachea is indicative of persistent right aortic arch in dogs on thoracic radiograph ?

A

Focal leftward deviation

58
Q

What tumor may arise from granulomas of Spirocerca lupi in dogs ?

A

Oesophageal fibrosarcoma and osteosarcoma

59
Q

Where in the stomach and by which cell is produced gastrin ?

A

By G cells in the pyloric antrum

60
Q

Where in the stomach and by which cell is produced HCl?

A

By parietal cells in the fundus

61
Q

What is the equivalent of Migrating Motor Complexes in cats ?

A

Migrating Spike complexes which are not initiated by motilin

62
Q

What are the two subunits of the cubam receptor of cobalamin ?

A

Amnionless (AMN) and cubilin (CUBN)

63
Q

What does recognize TLR-2 ?

A

LPS of gram- bacterias

64
Q

What does recognize TLR-5 ?

A

Flagellin

65
Q

What does recognize NOD2 ?

A

LPS

66
Q

What is the impact of depletion of Clostridium hiranonis in the digestive microbiome ?

A

Decreased secondary bile acids proportion in the colon

67
Q

What is the most sensitive test to detect Heterobilharzia Americana: fecal sedimentation or fecal PCR ?

A

Fecal PCR

68
Q

True or false: a progression from small cell intestinal lymphoma to large cell lymphoma has been reported in 10% of cats.

A

True

69
Q

True or false: in familial PLE/PLN of SCWT, the detection of Perinuclear antineutrophilic cytoplasmic autoantibodies (PANCA) allow for the detection of the syndrome 2 years before hypoalbuminemia

A

True

70
Q

What are the characteristics of the measurement of IgG anti gliadin and IgA anti transglutaminase 2 for the diagnosis of paroxysmal gluten-sensitive dyskinesia in Border Terrier ?

A

Highly specific but lack sensitivity

71
Q

What is the location of predilection of digestive adenomas/adenoK in dogs ? And in cats ?

A

Dogs: Large intestine then duodenum
Cats: small intestine

72
Q

What do secrète enterochromaffin cells in the colon ?

A

Serotonin (5-HT) which stimulates the motility of the colon

73
Q

What form of Protothecosis is more frequent in dogs ? And in cats ?

A

Dogs: disseminated
Cats: cutaneous

74
Q

How does the hepatocytes clear NH3 from portal blood ?

A

By conversion of NH3 in urea in periportal areas and conversion of glutamate in glutamine through hepatic sinusoides

75
Q

What other organ may also present cystic disease in Caroli’s disease or Caroli’s syndrom in dogs ?

A

The kidneys

76
Q

What are the main histologic abnormalities of congenital hepatic fibrosis ?

A

Periportal fibrosis and numerous small irregular bile ducts

77
Q

What is the half life of ALT in dogs and cats ?

A

Dogs: 40-61 hours
Cats: 3.5 hours

78
Q

Name 3 causes of acute liver injury without increase in hepatocellular leakage enzymes due to inhibition of transcription.

A

Blue-green algae (Microcystis, Nodularia), Cycads and Aflatoxins

79
Q

What are the 3 most frequent etiologies of centrilobular necrosis in case of acute liver injury ?

A

Ischemic, toxic and viral

80
Q

Which Aflatoxin is the most hepatotoxic ?

A

B1 (vs B2, G1, G2)

81
Q

Who produces aflatoxins?

A

Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus

82
Q

In case of chronic cholangitis due to fluke infestation in cats, where are most concentrated the eggs ?

A

Bile (>feces)

83
Q

Name 2 risk factors for Domestic Cat Hepadnavirus viremia.

A

Retrovirus infection and increased ALT

84
Q

Which molecules are important for the function of the pancreatic lipase ?

A

Biliary acids and colipase

85
Q

What are the main pathophysiological processes of the development of pancreatitis in cats ?

A
  • Autoactivation of trypsinogen or trypsinogen activation by cathepsin B,
  • Zymogens activation by thrombin,
  • Colocalisation of Zymogens and lysosomes
  • Enterokinases from portal blood or reflux
    Trypsinogen activation is the believed inciting event
86
Q

What are the main pathophysiological processes of the development of pancreatitis in cats ?

A
  • Autoactivation of trypsinogen or trypsinogen activation by cathepsin B,
  • Zymogens activation by thrombin,
  • Colocalisation of Zymogens and lysosomes
  • Enterokinases from portal blood or reflux
    Trypsinogen activation is the believed inciting event
87
Q

Once incited, is pancreatic inflammation dependant on trypsin activation or NF-kappabeta pathway ?

A

NF-KAPPABETA pathway

ECVIM - Ca (9 decks)

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