Infectiology Flashcards
Why do neurological and ocular FIP need higher doses of GS441524 ?
Because of poor drug access across the blood ocular and blood brain barriers
What babesia species can be transmitted directly dog to dog ?
Babesia gibsoni
Of Nocardia spp. Actinomyces spp. and Mycobacterium spp., which one is acid-fast (Ziehl Nielsen) negative?
Actinomyces
What rickettsial can be found in neutrophils?
Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Erhlichia ewingii
What rickettsial can be found in mononuclear cells?
Erhlicha canis, ehrlichia chaffeensis and Neorickettsia risticii
What rickettsial can be found in platelets?
Anaplasma platys
What is usually the first type of antibody to be produced in case of infection?
IgM then after days/weeks IgG (IgA usually follows IgG levels)
True or false: toxocara can result in human visceral larva migrans and ancylostoma, strongyloides and uncinaria in human cutaneous larva migrans
True
What cryptosporidium are considered zoonotic?
Parvum and homonis which are really rare in dogs and cats
What are the zoonotic assemblages of Giardia?
A and B (not the most frequently encountered in dogs and cats)
Is Bordetella bronchiseptica a zoonosis?
Yes but only for immunocompromised people
What zoonosis can be transmitted by lagomorphs, cats, ticks (and dogs)?
Francisella tularensis
What is the agent of the zoonotic bubonic, septicemic or pneumonic plague transmitted by lagomorphs and cats?
Yersinia pestis
What is the agent of the zoonotic Q fever of cattle, sheep, goat, cat (and dog)?
Coxiella burnetti
What diseases can be transmitted by Ixodes?
Borrelia burgdorferi, Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Bartonella
How does borrelia burgdorferi escape the immune system?
By DNA recombination (antigenic variation)
What does the snap4DX measure for borrelia burgdorferi?
Antibodies against the C6 peptide antigen (only expressed in natural infection)
True or false: OspA antibodies are more frequently observed in dogs vaccines for Borrelia burgdorferi and OspC in non vaccinated but both can be seen with natural or vaccin induced infection
True
Which mycobacterium has the human as a reservoir host?
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
True or false: Mycobacterium microti is more frequent in older cats in contrast to mycobacterium bovis. Hunting rodents is a risk factor and immunosuppression may reactivate the disease
True
Which type of saprophytic mycobacterias are more likely in young/immunosuppressed animals?
Slow growing saprophytic Mycobacterium (mycobacterium avium complex…)
True or false: rapid growing saprophytic Mycobacterium often affect obese apparently immunocompetent animals
True
True or false: a biphasic age distribution is reported in cats with leproid mycobacterium
True: young immunocompetent (rapid progression on the limbs) and old cats suspected to be immunosuppressed (diffuse slowly progressive lesions)
To what antibiotic are usually sensitive Actinomyces spp.?
Penicillins
Where can we found Actinomyces spp. and Nocardia spp.?
Nocardia is ubiquitous and Actinomyces is a commensal of oral cavity and mucous membranes
What is the usual antibiotic that Nocardia spp are sensitive to?
Sulfonamides
True or false: Brucella bacteremia may persist for 6 months
True
Why the highly sensitive rapid slide agglutination test for Brucella is poorly specific?
Cross reaction with other gram negative bacterias
How much time does take seroconversion for Brucella infection ?
4 to 12 weeks
What test is more specific than rapid slide agglutination test for Brucella infection?
Agar Gel Immunodiffusion (AGID)
What are two toxins secreted by Clostridium tetani and their action?
Tetanolysin (local tissue damage)
Tetanospasmin (the light chain impedes the release of presynaptical neurotransmitter in inhibitory neurons –> spasms)
What are the four clinical classes of tetanus?
Class I: only facial signs
Class II: general rigidity or dysphagia
Class III: dogs are recumbent or have seizures
Class IV: dogs have abnormal FC, FR or PA
What is the main infection route of clostridium tetani? And clostridium botulinum?
Clostridium tetani: wound inoculation
Clostridium botulinum: spoiled food ingestion
What is the main toxin of Clostridium botulinum infection?
Type C
(1 case report for toxin D and toxin B)
What is the mechanism of action of the toxin C of Clostridium botulinum?
Inhibition of release of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular synapse (flaccid paralysis)
Name vectors of Bartonella spp.
Ctenocephalides felis
Ixodes spp., Rhipicephalus sanguineus
True or false: Bartonella are passed through the skin in arthropod feces, and infect dendritic and endothelial cells (also microglial, macrophages and progenitors in the bone marrow)
True
What are the main two type of virulence factors of Bartonella?
Adhésions to adhere to cells and Type IV secretion system to translocate effector proteins into the cell (inhibition of apoptosis, bacterial persistence…)
True or false: Bartonella bacteremia never occurs in the absence of antibodies
False 50% occur in the absence of antibodies
What is a Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction in Bartonella infected dogs?
Signs of SIRS secondary to the rapid death of the bacterias with consequent release of endotoxins
True or false: prevalence of Bartonella infection in cats is higher in warm temperature, high humidity, infestation by fleas and feral cats
True
True or false: it is recommended to adopt cats older than 1 year, avoid rough play and maintain flea control to avoid Bartonella zoonosis
True
Why unlike other gram negative bacterias, leptospira bacteremia do not result in fulminant septic disease?
Because of low endotoxic potential of leptospira’s LPS