Respiratory Disorders Flashcards
Which canine breeds are overrepresented for laryngeal paralysis ?
Labrador, Golden retriever, St Bernard, Newfoundland, Irish Setter and Brittany Spaniel
Which canine breed specifically presents redundant supra-arytenoid folds and laryngeal collapse ?
Norwich Terrier
Name extrapulmonary cough afferent ways (6)
Nose, nasopharynx, paranasal sinuses, ear canals, diaphragm and pericardium
What is the lowest pulmonary nodule size that can detect a CT scan ?
1-2mm (Vs 7-9mm for radiography)
Of thoracic fluoroscopy and radiography, which one is the best to diagnose tracheal collapse ?
Fluoroscopy
(44% of incorrect localisation and 8% of missed cases with radiography)
With what tracheal disease is associated cervical lung lobe herniation ?
Collapse of intrathoracic trachea and major bronchi
What is the frequency of peripheral eosinophilia in dogs with eosinophilic bronchopneumopathy ?
60%
How many dogs with primary ciliary dyskinesia have a kartagener’s syndrom (bronchiectasis, situs Inversus, chronic rhinosinusitis) ?
50%
What mutation was identified for primary ciliary dyskinesia in old English sheepdog?
CCDC39
What is the most common cause of pneumothorax in cats ?
Asthma (25% of cases)
Which intestinal worms undergo pulmonary migration before the adult worm reaches its final destination in the intestine ?
Ancylostoma (hookworm) and Toxocara (roundworm)
What is the intermediate host of paragonimus kellicotti, the pulmonary parenchymal parasite ?
Crayfish
What is the intermediate host of Aelurostrongylus abstrusus ?
A mollusk
What is the intermediate host of Crenosoma vulpis ?
A mollusk
What are the intermediate and paratenic host of Angiostrongylus vasorum ?
Intermediate: Mollusk
Paratenic: Frog
Name the three mycobacterias of the tuberculosis type:
Mycobacterium tuberculosis, bovis and microti
What type of Influenza virus can cause pneumonitis in dogs ?
H3N2 and H3N8
What type of Influenza virus can infect cats ?
H5N1 (avian) and H1N1 (human)
Pulmonary edema resorption depends on active Na and Cl transport. So what type of edema is more refractory to treatment and why ?
Non cardiogenic edema because the epithelial cells are injured and so active transport altered
How is established the diagnosis of pulmonary lymphomatoid granulomatosis ? (To differentiate it of pulmonary lymphoma)
Only by biopsies
Which sex and canine breed are predisposed to eosinophilic pneumonia ?
Young, females, Husky, Malamute, Rottweiler
Which canine breeds are predisposed to idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis ?
Westie, Staffordshire Bull Terrier and other Terriers
Which canine breeds are predisposed to lung lobe torsion ?
Afghan hound and Pugs
What is the definition of pulmonary hypertension?
A pulmonary arterial systolic pressure > 30mmHg (diastolic > 19mmHg)
According to the consensus highly probable hypertension >46mmHg
What is the Bernoulli equation used to estimate the pulmonary arterial pressure ?
Pressure gradient = 4*(peak velocity)²
What is the non dilated right atrial pressure ?
5mmHg
What is the dilated right atrial pressure without right sided heart failure ?
10mmHg
What is the dilated right atrial pressure with right sided heart failure ?
15mmHg
In dyspneic dogs and cats, to what has been strongly associated paradoxical breathing ?
Pleural diseases
Is pulmonary vascular scintigraphy more sensitive and specific in detecting and localising PTE than angiography?
Yes
How can be sampled motile cilia for the diagnosis of primary ciliary dyskinesia?
Via nasal biopsy
What SpO2 value is consistent with severe hypoxemia ?
<90%
What value of PaO2 defines hypoxemia ?
<80mmHg
What value defines an increase in A-a gradient ?
> 15mmHg
What main troubles can provoke hypoxemia and increased A-a gradient ?
Ventilation/perfusion mismatch, right to left shunt and alveolar diffusion impairment
Name 2 classes of diseases with hypoxemia and normal A-a gradient ?
Low FiO2 and alveolar hypoventilation
What is associated with cranial lung lobe herniation in dogs ?
Collapse of the intrathoracic trachea and of major bronchi
Which type of drugs should not be used with theophylline ?
Fluoroquinolones due to secondary theophylline toxicosis
What type of immune response is suspected in eosinophilic bronchopneumopathy in dogs ?
Th2 response
True or false: Filaroides spp infections of the alveolar spaces and terminal bronchioles can result in superinfection in some immunosuppressed dogs
True
True or false: Crenosoma vulpis can also provoke signs of the upper respiratory tract in dogs
True
Why is non cardiogenic pulmonary edema more refractory to treatment ?
Because of the impairment of essential active NaCl transport of the epithelial cells
What virus has been implicated as a cause of nasopharyngeal inflammatory polyp in cats ?
Calicivirus
Which nerves innervate laryngeal muscles ?
The caudal laryngeal nerve (from the recurrent laryngeal nerve) innervates all but one innervated by the cranial laryngeal nerve
Is temporary tracheostomy before surgery a negative prognostic factor in the dog ?
Yes
With what type of respiratory disease has been strongly correlated paradoxical breathing pattern ?
Pleural space diseases
What is strongly correlated with cranial lung lobe herniation?
Dynamic intrathoracic airway collapse
What are the three criteria for the diagnosis of chronic bronchitis in dogs ?
Cough lasting >2months
Hypersecretion of mucus
Exclusion of other cardiopulmonary diseases
What pathogen’s presence has been associated with eosinophilic bronchopneumopathy compared to chronic bronchitis ?
Bordetella bronchoseptica
What is the most common cause of spontaneous pneumothorax in cats ?
Feline asthma
What specific lesion can be seen on thoracic US in case of angiostrongylosis?
Small hypoechoic subpleural nodules (100% sensitive, 92% specific)
Which breed is predisposed to chylothorax with or without lung lobe torsion ?
Afghan hound
Name 1 condition associated with trapped lung
Chylothorax in cats leading to fibrosing/constrictive pleuritis
What is gate keeping ?
The coordination of respiration and swallow
When do most occur swallows in dogs ?
During the inspiratory phase
